ReviewNutrients2021
Sodium Intake as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: A Narrative Review.
Review in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Dietary salt intake and cardiovascular outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses and dose-response evidence.Annals of medicine · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review of prospective evidence linking non-alcoholic fermented food consumption with lower mortality risk.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Effect of sodium balance on levels of nitrates in healthy subjects: Posthoc analysis of a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover study.Physiological reports · 2025Trial
- Socioeconomic and Behavioral Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Complications Among Hypertensive Adults in Lusaka, Zambia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- The Hidden Burden of Water-Binding Additives in Meat Products: Biochemical, Clinical, and Psychosocial Implications.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Review
- The Redox-Inflammation Axis in Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Translational Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Guidelines for daily sodium intake: a counterpoint to the current recommendation for low sodium intake.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2026Review
- Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Clinical Controversies of Sodium-Induced Hypertension: A Multi-Systemic Perspective.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Dietary sodium, potassium, and cardiometabolic risk: A cross-sectional analysis of hypertension in U.S. adults from NHANES 2017-2018.PloS one · 2026Article
- Canagliflozin ameliorates high-salt-induced renal injury and premature aging in male Dahl salt-sensitive rats, with associated changes in SIRT6/HIF-1α signaling.Renal failure · 2025Article
- High Salt Intake and Atherosclerosis Progression-Not Only via Blood Pressure: A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Cricket (Acheta Domesticus) Flour as a Novel Ingredient in Hybrid Meatloaves: Effects on Quality Attributes During Storage.Journal of food science · 2025Article
- Advances in Mammalian Metallomics: New Insights into Metal Dynamics and Biological Significance.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Canagliflozin improves high-salt-induced aortic arteriosclerosis and premature aging in dahl salt-sensitive rats through the SIRT6/HIF-1 α signaling pathway.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Article
- Beyond the Average: Trends in Extreme Sodium Intake in the U.S. Population, 2003-2018.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Ethnic differences in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dietary salt intake and association with hypertension in Malaysia: a multi-centre cross-sectional study.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of ischemic heart disease associated with diet high in sodium from 1990 to 2021, and its projections to 2035: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- A novel model of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome combining unilateral nephrectomy and high-salt-sugar-fat diet in mice.Lab animal · 2024Article
- Chronic High-Salt Diet Activates Tumor-Initiating Stem Cells Leading to Breast Cancer Proliferation.Cells · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
While sodium is essential for human homeostasis, current salt consumption far exceeds physiological needs. Strong evidence suggests a direct causal relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure (BP) and a modest reduction in salt consumption is associated with a meaningful reduction in BP in hypertensive as well as normotensive individuals. Moreover, while long-term randomized controlled trials are still lacking, it is reasonable to assume a direct relationship between sodium intake and cardiovascular outcomes. However, a consensus has yet to be reached on the effectiveness, safety and feasibility of sodium intake reduction on an individual level. Beyond indirect BP-mediated effects, detrimental consequences of high sodium intake are manifold and pathways involving vascular damage, oxidative stress, hormonal alterations, the immune system and the gut microbiome have been described. Globally, while individual response to salt intake is variable, sodium should be perceived as a cardiovascular risk factor when consumed in excess. Reduction of sodium intake on a population level thus presents a potential strategy to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease worldwide. In this review, we provide an update on the consequences of salt intake on human health, focusing on BP and cardiovascular outcomes as well as underlying pathophysiological hypotheses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.