ArticleViruses2021
Natural Selection of H5N1 Avian Influenza A Viruses with Increased PA-X and NS1 Shutoff Activity.
Article in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pre-existing and cross-reactive immunity to avian influenza H5N1 in humans: Implications for pandemic risk and vaccine strategies.The Journal of infection · 2026Review
- Tripartite motif-containing 34 (TRIM34) protein interacts with the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery and negatively modulates antiviral responses.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Article
- Immunological and virological questions for H5N1 pandemic emergence.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Review
- The PA-X host shutoff site 100 V exerts a contrary effect on viral fitness of the highly pathogenic H7N9 influenza A virus in mice and chickens.Virulence · 2025Article
- Clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses: knowns, unknowns, and challenges.Journal of virology · 2025Review
- Observational
- Emerging threats of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b: cross-species transmission, pathogenesis, and pandemic risk.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Recombinant Influenza A Viruses Expressing Reporter Genes from the Viral NS Segment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Influenza A virus NS1 effector domain is required for PA-X-mediated host shutoff in infected cells.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- Antiviral responses versus virus-induced cellular shutoff: a game of thrones between influenza A virus NS1 and SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Review
- Article
- Cut site preference allows influenza A virus PA-X to discriminate between host and viral mRNAs.Nature microbiology · 2023Article
- The IFN-stimulated gene IFI27 counteracts innate immune responses after viral infections by interfering with RIG-I signaling.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Article
- The Role of Viral RNA Degrading Factors in Shutoff of Host Gene Expression.Annual review of virology · 2022Review
- Deciphering Respiratory-Virus-Associated Interferon Signaling in COPD Airway Epithelium.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2022Review
- Article
- Live attenuated influenza A virus vaccines with modified NS1 proteins for veterinary use.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) can infect a broad range of mammalian and avian species. However, the host innate immune system provides defenses that restrict IAV replication and infection. Likewise, IAV have evolved to develop efficient mechanisms to counteract host antiviral responses to efficiently replicate in their hosts. The IAV PA-X and NS1 non-structural proteins are key virulence factors that modulate innate immune responses and virus pathogenicity during infection. To study the determinants of IAV pathogenicity and their functional co-evolution, we evaluated amino acid differences in the PA-X and NS1 proteins of early (1996-1997) and more recent (since 2016) H5N1 IAV. H5N1 IAV have zoonotic and pandemic potential and represent an important challenge both in poultry farming and human health. The results indicate that amino acid changes occurred over time, affecting the ability of these two non-structural H5N1 IAV proteins to inhibit gene expression and affecting virus pathogenicity. These results highlight the importance to monitor the evolution of these two virulence factors of IAV, which could result in enhanced viral replication and virulence.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.