ReviewViruses2021
Viral and Bacterial Co-Infections in the Lungs: Dangerous Liaisons.
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 89 citations in OpenAlex.
- The global trends and clinical progress in influenza co-infection: a visualization and bibliometric analysis (2005-2025).Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines on Viral Respiratory Infections: A Systematic Literature Review.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Cumulative respiratory pathogen detection burden by multiplex PCR is associated with mortality in a TB-enriched ICU cohort.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- An Appraisal of the Potential Downstream Benefits of RSV Vaccination in Older Adults.Reviews in medical virology · 2026Review
- Review
- Integrated 16S rRNA and Metagenomic Analysis of Pulmonary Microbiota in Sheep with Pneumonia.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Epidemiology, bacterial coinfection risk factors, and inflammatory markers in children with RSV, AdV, and hMPV pneumonia in Zunyi, China.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Type I interferon signaling in hematopoietic cells impairs neutrophil antibacterial function in the middle ear during viral co-infection.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Viral-bacterial codetection and clinical and laboratory characteristics in children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections in a private hospital in Lima, Peru: a cross-sectional study.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2026Article
- Excessive pyroptosis mediates the exacerbation of pneumonia caused by low-lethality influenza virus and secondary MRSA co-infection.Cell death discovery · 2026Article
- Co-infection models ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Respiratory viral and bacterial co-infections in adults in acute care: A multiplex PCR-based study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Molecular and Clinical Study of Bovine Coronavirus andVeterinary medicine international · 2026Article
- Pathogen profiles and co-detection characteristics of acute respiratory infections based on active surveillance in a large district of southern China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- hMPV co-infections: Distinct immunopathogenic mechanisms and clinical implications of viral and bacterial pathogenesis.Folia microbiologica · 2025Review
- Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized neonates in Suzhou.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- An anti-complement homogeneous polysaccharide fromActa pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Article
- Recent insights and advances in gut microbiota's influence on host antiviral immunity.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Pediatric Populations of Slum Areas: Navigating Challenges and Dynamics of Immune Responses.Current pediatric reviews · 2025Review
- Dual threat: Susceptibility mechanisms and treatment strategies for COVID-19 and bacterial co-infections.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections constitute a significant public health problem, with a therapeutic arsenal that remains relatively limited and that is threatened by the emergence of antiviral and/or antibiotic resistance. Viral-bacterial co-infections are very often associated with the severity of these respiratory infections and have been explored mainly in the context of bacterial superinfections following primary influenza infection. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying these co-infections between respiratory viruses (influenza viruses, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2) and bacteria, at both the physiological and immunological levels. This review also explores the importance of the microbiome and the pathological context in the evolution of these respiratory tract co-infections and presents the different in vitro and in vivo experimental models available. A better understanding of the complex functional interactions between viruses/bacteria and host cells will allow the development of new, specific, and more effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.