ArticlePolymers2021
The Surface Characterisation of Fused Filament Fabricated (FFF) 3D Printed PEEK/Hydroxyapatite Composites.
Article in Polymers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gradient 3D printed PEEK with nano-coating facilitates rapid manufacturing with dual enhanced osteogenic and anti-bacterial property.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Biocompatible Thermoplastics in Additive Manufacturing of Bone Defect Fillers: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Rheology of Polyether Ether Ketone Concentrated Suspensions for Powder Molding and 3D Printing.Polymers · 2024Article
- Advanced 3D Printing of Polyetherketoneketone Hydroxyapatite Composites via Fused Filament Fabrication with Increased Interlayer Connection.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Nondestructive Testing of 3D Printed Fiber-Reinforced Polymeric Composites: An Experimental Critical Comparison.3D printing and additive manufacturing · 2024Article
- Review
- Performance of 3D printed porous polyetheretherketone composite scaffolds combined with nano-hydroxyapatite/carbon fiber in bone tissue engineering: a biological evaluation.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2024Article
- Biocompatible Nanocomposite Coatings Deposited via Layer-by-Layer Assembly for the Mechanical Reinforcement of Highly Porous Interconnected Tissue-Engineered Scaffolds.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- 3D Printed Strontium and Zinc Doped Hydroxyapatite Loaded PEEK for Craniomaxillofacial Implants.Polymers · 2022Article
- Approaches to Biofunctionalize Polyetheretherketone for Antibacterial: A Review.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Review
- Investigations on the Influence of Collagen Type on Physicochemical Properties of PVP/PVA Composites Enriched with Hydroxyapatite Developed for Biomedical Applications.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a high-performance thermoplastic polymer which has found increasing application in orthopaedics and has shown a lot of promise for 'made-to-measure' implants via additive manufacturing approaches. However, PEEK is bioinert and needs to undergo surface modification to make it at least osteoconductive to ensure a more rapid, improved, and stable fixation that will last longer in vivo. One approach to solving this issue is to modify PEEK with bioactive agents such as hydroxyapatite (HA). The work reported in this study demonstrates the direct 3D printing of PEEK/HA composites of up to 30 weight percent (wt%) HA using a Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) approach. The surface characteristics and in vitro properties of the composite materials were investigated. X-ray diffraction revealed the samples to be semi-crystalline in nature, with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry revealing HA materials were available in the uppermost surface of all the 3D printed samples. In vitro testing of the samples at 7 days demonstrated that the PEEK/HA composite surfaces supported the adherence and growth of viable U-2 OS osteoblast like cells. These results demonstrate that FFF can deliver bioactive HA on the surface of PEEK bio-composites in a one-step 3D printing process.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.