ReviewPolymers2021
3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA).
Review in Polymers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 119 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
119 citing papers in PubMed.
- From Static Scaffolds to Responsive Implants: 3D-Printed Field-Active Bioceramics for Adaptive Bone Regeneration.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Review
- Ce3Light: Design, Construction, and Testing of a Light-Irradiation System for In Vitro Cell Studies.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- High-Throughput Methods in Materials Science (Part I): A Review of Chemical and Physical Methods and Automated Sample Logistics.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Sustainable Sound Absorption: A Critical Review of Material Innovation and Geometry-Driven Design.Polymers · 2026Review
- Validating 3D Printing as a Rapid Prototyping Framework for Hemispherical Resonator: Design, Simulation, and Testing.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Biomaterial Strategies for Three-Dimensional Bioprinting and Drug Delivery Application.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Nano-Based 3D Printed Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Biopolymer-Nanoparticle Interactions in 3D-Printing for Biomedical Applications: Advantages, Limitations and Future Perspectives.Polymers · 2026Review
- A Feasibility Study of Splintage by 3D Scanning and Printing: Process and Evaluation of Current 3D Printing Material.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Additive manufacturing for Dentistry: A comprehensive review of techniques and applications.Progress in materials science · 2026Article
- Precision in dentistry: how PLA 3D printing settings influence model accuracy.Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie · 2026Article
- Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering.Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine · 2026Review
- AuNPs@Al-TDC Metal-Organic Framework: A Hybrid Nanostructure for 3D-Printed Electrochemical Sensors Targeting Diuron.ACS omega · 2026Article
- In vitro and in vivo validation of a novel 3D-printed vessel anastomosis device for microvascular surgery.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Integrated 3D-Printed Microfluidic Device for Immunocapture and Electrochemical Assessment of Transferrin Saturation inACS sensors · 2026Article
- Graphene/CNT Nanocomposites: Processing, Properties, and Applications.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- GelMA-Based Nanocomposites for Bone Defect Regeneration: Design, Performance, and Clinical Translation Potential.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Current 3D Printing Technologies and their Potential Applications in Drug Delivery, Personalized Medicine & Pharmaceutical Sciences.Current drug discovery technologies · 2026Review
- Essential Requirements and Relevant Technologies for Load-Bearing 3D-Printed Transtibial Prosthetic Sockets and Their Components: State-of-the-Art Review.JMIR rehabilitation and assistive technologies · 2025Review
- Transforming Dental Care, Practice and Education with Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing: Innovations in Materials, Technologies, and Future Pathways.Dentistry journal · 2025Review
59 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques. Moreover, the advanced material-process requirements towards 4D printing via these print methods taking an example of magneto-active polymers is covered. Overall, this review highlights different aspects of these printing methods and serves as a guide to select a suitable print material and 3D print technique for the targeted polymeric material-based applications and also discusses the implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems with a current state-of-the-art approach.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.