ReviewPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Metformin a Potential Pharmacological Strategy in Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease Treatment.
Review in Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparative efficacy of GLP-1 RAs/SGLT-2 inhibitors in reducing cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes according to baseline use of metformin: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.European journal of medical research · 2025 · on this mapPooled it
- Metformin versus DPP-4 inhibitors and risk of parkinsonism in type 2 diabetes: an active-comparator cohort study with a landmark design.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Article
- Metformin Improves Cognitive Function in a Rat Model of Global Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Via Inhibiting NF-kb Signaling Pathway and Caspase-1/NLRP3 Inflammasome.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Unveiling the Neuroprotective Effect of Paraoxonase 1 in Neurodegenerative Diseases Focusing on Alzheimer's Disease.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Review
- The Inflammatory Nexus: Unraveling Shared Pathways and Promising Treatments in Alzheimer's Disease and Schizophrenia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Overview of Metformin and Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Systemic lipid and glucose modulation differentially affects cognitive function and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Article
- [Nutrition, metabolism, brain and mental health].Der Nervenarzt · 2024Review
- A Comprehensive Approach to Parkinson's Disease: Addressing Its Molecular, Clinical, and Therapeutic Aspects.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Review
- Reconsidering repurposing: long-term metformin treatment impairs cognition in Alzheimer's model mice.Translational psychiatry · 2024Article
- Metformin: The Winding Path from Understanding Its Molecular Mechanisms to Proving Therapeutic Benefits in Neurodegenerative Disorders.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- Review
- Metformin restores cognitive dysfunction and histopathological deficits in an animal model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Long-term use of metformin and Alzheimer's disease: beneficial or detrimental effects.Inflammopharmacology · 2023Review
- The potential role of human islet amyloid polypeptide in type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's diseases.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2023Review
- Energy Crisis Links to Autophagy and Ferroptosis in Alzheimer's Disease: Current Evidence and Future Avenues.Current neuropharmacology · 2023Article
- Modulation of Mitochondrial Function as a Therapeutic Strategy for Neurodegenerative Diseases.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most devastating brain disorders. Currently, there are no effective treatments to stop the disease progression and it is becoming a major public health concern. Several risk factors are involved in the progression of AD, modifying neuronal circuits and brain cognition, and eventually leading to neuronal death. Among them, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have attracted increasing attention, since brain insulin resistance can contribute to neurodegeneration. Consequently, AD has been referred to "type 3 diabetes" and antidiabetic medications such as intranasal insulin, glitazones, metformin or liraglutide are being tested as possible alternatives. Metformin, a first line antihyperglycemic medication, is a 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator hypothesized to act as a geroprotective agent. However, studies on its association with age-related cognitive decline have shown controversial results with positive and negative findings. In spite of this, metformin shows positive benefits such as anti-inflammatory effects, accelerated neurogenesis, strengthened memory, and prolonged life expectancy. Moreover, it has been recently demonstrated that metformin enhances synaptophysin, sirtuin-1, AMPK, and brain-derived neuronal factor (BDNF) immunoreactivity, which are essential markers of plasticity. The present review discusses the numerous studies which have explored (1) the neuropathological hallmarks of AD, (2) association of type 2 diabetes with AD, and (3) the potential therapeutic effects of metformin on AD and preclinical models.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.