ArticleMolecules (Basel, Switzerland)2021
Uptake of Cell-Penetrating Peptide RL2 by Human Lung Cancer Cells: Monitoring by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.
Article in Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Antineoplastic Activity of Sodium Caseinate in a Cytarabine-Resistant Mouse Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cell Line.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Anti-cancer potential of casein and its derivatives: novel strategies for cancer treatment.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2024Review
- Hydrophilic Reduction-Resistant Spin Labels of Pyrrolidine and Pyrroline Series from 3,4-Bis-hydroxymethyl-2,2,5,5-tetraethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-diethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyls: Where Is a Reasonable Limit of Sterical Loading for Higher Resistance to Reduction?Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Origin of Long-Range Hyperfine Couplings in the EPR Spectra of 2,2,5,5-Tetraethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyls.ACS omega · 2023Article
- Ultrafast Bioorthogonal Spin-Labeling and Distance Measurements in Mammalian Cells Using Small, Genetically Encoded Tetrazine Amino Acids.Journal of the American Chemical Society · 2023Article
- An EPR Study on Highly Stable Nitroxyl-Nitroxyl Biradicals for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Applications at High Magnetic Fields.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Ultra-Fast Bioorthogonal Spin-Labeling and Distance Measurements in Mammalian Cells Using Small, Genetically Encoded Tetrazine Amino Acids.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Dance with spins: site-directed spin labeling coupled to electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy directly inside cells.Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) · 2023Review
- 3,4-Unsubstituted 2-Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
RL2 is a recombinant analogue of a human κ-casein fragment, capable of penetrating cells and inducing apoptosis of cancer cells with no toxicity to normal cells. The exact mechanism of RL2 penetration into cells remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of RL2 penetration into human lung cancer A549 cells by a combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. EPR spectra of A549 cells incubated with RL2 (sRL2) spin-labeled by a highly stable 3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetraethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl radical were found to contain three components, with their contributions changing with time. The combined EPR and confocal-microscopy data allowed us to assign these three forms of sRL2 to the spin-labeled protein sticking to the membrane of the cell and endosomes, to the spin-labeled protein in the cell interior, and to spin labeled short peptides formed in the cell because of protein digestion. EPR spectroscopy enabled us to follow the kinetics of transformations between different forms of the spin-labeled protein at a minimal spin concentration (3-16 μM) in the cell. The prospects of applications of spin-labeled cell-penetrating peptides to EPR imaging, DNP, and magnetic resonance imaging are discussed, as is possible research on an intrinsically disordered protein in the cell by pulsed dipolar EPR spectroscopy.
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