ArticleMicroorganisms2021
TLR3 and TLR7 RNA Sensor Activation during SARS-CoV-2 Infection.
Article in Microorganisms, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 136 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
136 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 186 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of Transcriptomic Data from Lung Autopsy and Cellular Models of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Biochemical genetics · 2024Pooled it
- Potential interaction between the oral microbiota and COVID-19: a meta-analysis and bioinformatics prediction.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Pooled it
- COVID-19 and the Immune Response: A Multi-Phasic Approach to the Treatment of COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Immunoinformatics-guided design of a conserved multi-epitope vaccine candidate against pathogenic human coronaviruses.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Association of Toll-like Receptor 8 Polymorphisms with COVID-19 Case Status in a Korean Population.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Spike 1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces endothelial inflammation and vascular dysfunction through interferon ISG15-dependent mechanisms.Cardiovascular research · 2026Article
- Viral Respiratory Infections and Host Immune Dynamics in Diabetes: Clinical Outcomes in the Post-COVID Era.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Heat-inactivated Bacillus spores attenuate poly I:C-induced lung inflammation and microbiome alterations through modulation of host immune responses.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Modulation of Host Innate Immune Response by Highly Pathogenic Human Coronaviruses during Viral Infection.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2026Review
- In silico design of a novel multi-epitope mRNA vaccine candidate for BtHKU5-CoV-2 using immunoinformatics.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Macrophage makeover extreme viral edition: mechanisms of immune subversion and therapeutic perspectives.The Journal of general virology · 2026Review
- Article
- Pustular psoriasis flare following COVID-19 infection: a case report and literature review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Toll-like receptors in infectious myocarditis: pathogen-specific recognition, spatiotemporal dynamic regulation and clinical translation.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- The Dual Role of Natural Killer Cells in the Septic Liver.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Modelling severe COVID-19 in TLR3-mutated hiPSCs-derived lung organoids.Cell death discovery · 2025Article
- A Novel Tyrosine Kinase Axis in Innate Immune Signaling.Viruses · 2025Review
- Deleterious variants in the autophagy-related gene RB1CC1/FIP200 impair immunity to SARS-CoV-2.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Emerging lipid nanoparticle systems capable of efficient intramuscular RNA delivery.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2025Review
76 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
(1) Background: Acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent for the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that has led to a pandemic that began in March 2020. The role of the SARS-CoV-2 components on innate and adaptive immunity is still unknown. We investigated the possible implication of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) interaction. (2) Methods: We infected Calu-3/MRC-5 multicellular spheroids (MTCSs) with a SARS-CoV-2 clinical strain and evaluated the activation of RNA sensors, transcription factors, and cytokines/interferons (IFN) secretion, by quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. (3) Results: Our results showed that the SARS-CoV-2 infection of Calu-3/MRC-5 multicellular spheroids induced the activation of the TLR3 and TLR7 RNA sensor pathways. In particular, TLR3 might act via IRF3, producing interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-α and IFN-β, during the first 24 h post-infection. Then, TLR3 activates the NFκB transduction pathway, leading to pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Conversely, TLR7 seems to mainly act via NFκB, inducing type 1 IFN, IFN-γ, and IFN-λ3, starting from the 48 h post-infection. (4) Conclusion: We showed that both TLR3 and TLR7 are involved in the control of innate immunity during lung SARS-CoV-2 infection. The activation of TLRs induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, and IL-6, as well as interferons. TLRs could be a potential target in controlling the infection in the early stages of the disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.