ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Ozone as Modulator of Resorption and Inflammatory Response in Extruded Nucleus Pulposus Herniation. Revising Concepts.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effectiveness of medical ozone injections into the intervertebral disc on relieving lumbosacral pain-a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- From Protrusion to Extrusion: Reassessing the Selective Role of Intradiscal Interventions.Anesthesiology and pain medicine · 2026Review
- Serial MRI documentation of sequestrated lumbar disc resorption during conservative management: a case report.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- CT-guided transforaminal versus C-arm-guided intradiscal ozone injection for cervical disc herniation: a comparative cohort study.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Immune cell infiltration and inflammatory response in nucleus pulposus following annular disruption in degenerative disc disease.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Article
- Pain Relief, Disability, and Hospital Costs After Intradiscal Ozone Treatment or Microdiscectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation: A 24-Month Real-World Prospective Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Hope for 17 patients with chronic cluster headache: efficacy evaluation of upper cervical spinal nerve root release surgery (2020-2023).Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- A Nomogram Model Integrating Inflammation Markers for Predicting the Risk of Recurrent Sciatica After Selective Nerve Root Blocks.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the effect of phellodendrin application on rats creating an experimental model of non-compression lumbar disc herniation on the NF-κB-related inflammatory signaling pathway.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2024Article
- Ozone Disc Nucleolysis for Cervical Intervertebral Disc Herniation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Cureus · 2024Review
- Oxygen-Ozone Therapy of Musculoskeletal Neck Pain: A Review.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Prevalence, clinical predictors, and mechanisms of resorption in lumbar disc herniation: a systematic review.Orthopedic reviews · 2024Article
- Machine learning-based diagnostic model of lymphatics-associated genes for new therapeutic target analysis in intervertebral disc degeneration.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Roles of p38 MAPK signalling in intervertebral disc degeneration.Cell proliferation · 2023Review
- Screening for NAFLD-Current Knowledge and Challenges.Metabolites · 2023Review
- The Use of Medical Ozone in Chronic Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Can Be an Etiological and Conservative Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The clinical efficacy of ozone combined with steroid in the treatment of discogenic low back pain: a randomized, double-blinded clinical study.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Article
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Ozone Therapy: Present Knowledge and Prospective Applications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
- Characteristics and mechanisms of resorption in lumbar disc herniation.Arthritis research & therapy · 2022Review
- Oxygen-Ozone Therapy for Reducing Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Serum Levels in Musculoskeletal and Temporomandibular Disorders: A Comprehensive Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ozone therapy has been used to treat disc herniation for more than four decades. There are several papers describing results and mechanism of action. However, it is very important to define the characteristics of extruded disc herniation. Although ozone therapy showed excellent results in the majority of spinal diseases, it is not yet fully accepted within the medical community. Perhaps it is partly due to the fact that, sometimes, indications are not appropriately made. The objective of our work is to explain the mechanisms of action of ozone therapy on the extruded disc herniation. Indeed, these mechanisms are quite different from those exerted by ozone on the protruded disc herniation and on the degenerative disc disease because the inflammatory response is very different between the various cases. Extruded disc herniation occurs when the nucleus squeezes through a weakness or tear in the annulus. Host immune system considers the nucleus material to be a foreign invader, which triggers an immune response and inflammation. We think ozone therapy modulates this immune response, activating macrophages, which produce phagocytosis of extruded nucleus pulposus. Ozone would also facilitate the passage from the M1 to M2 phase of macrophages, going from an inflammatory phase to a reparative phase. Further studies are needed to verify the switch of macrophages.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.