ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Immunomodulatory Properties of BRAF and MEK Inhibitors Used for Melanoma Therapy-Paradoxical ERK Activation and Beyond.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- MEK Inhibitors and Toll-like Receptor Signaling: Implications for Infection and Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- BRAF inhibitor resistance in melanoma: from resistance mechanisms to therapeutic innovations.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- From Immunobiology to Clinical Application: Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Melanoma.Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Tumor Microenvironment in Melanoma-Characteristic and Clinical Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Biotechnology Production of Cell Biomass from the EndangeredBiomedicines · 2025Article
- SPACA6-hosted miR-99b~125a~let-7e cluster shapes melanoma resistance by modulating mTOR-mediated immunosuppression.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Machine learning-based pan-cancer study of classification and mechanism of BRAF inhibitor resistance.Translational cancer research · 2024Article
- Prognostic and therapeutic roles ofAging · 2024Article
- The outcome in patients with BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma treated with anti-programmed death receptor-1 monotherapy or targeted therapy in the real-world setting.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- BRAF - a tumour-agnostic drug target with lineage-specific dependencies.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2024Review
- Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity-inducing anti-EGFR antibodies as effective therapeutic option for cutaneous melanoma resistant to BRAF inhibitors.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Treatment management forJournal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2023Article
- Enhancing immunotherapy response in melanoma: myeloid-derived suppressor cells as a therapeutic target.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Review
- Sequencing Targeted and Immune Therapy in BRAF-Mutant Melanoma: Lessons Learned.Current oncology reports · 2023Review
- Combination of immune-checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies for melanoma therapy: The more, the better?Cancer metastasis reviews · 2023Review
- Potential immune‑related adverse events during dabrafenib and trametinib treatment: A case series of patients with BRAF V600E melanoma.Molecular and clinical oncology · 2023Article
- Autophagy: Guardian of Skin Barrier.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Article
- Immune Landscape and an RBM38-Associated Immune Prognostic Model with Laboratory Verification in Malignant Melanoma.Cancers · 2022Article
- PD-L1Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The advent of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors that directly inhibit tumor growth and of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) that boost effector T cell responses have strongly improved the treatment of metastatic melanoma. In about half of all melanoma patients, tumor growth is driven by gain-of-function mutations of BRAF (v-rat fibrosarcoma (Raf) murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B), which results in constitutive ERK activation. Patients with a BRAF mutation are regularly treated with a combination of BRAF and MEK (MAPK/ERK kinase) inhibitors. Next to the antiproliferative effects of BRAF/MEKi, accumulating preclinical evidence suggests that BRAF/MEKi exert immunomodulatory functions such as paradoxical ERK activation as well as additional effects in non-tumor cells. In this review, we present the current knowledge on the immunomodulatory functions of BRAF/MEKi as well as the non-intended effects of ICI and discuss the potential synergistic effects of ICI and MAPK inhibitors in melanoma treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.