ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
Pathomechanisms of Immunological Disturbances in β-Thalassemia.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06606886 (Effects of Hydroxyurea and Metformin in Transfusion Dependent Beta-Thalassemia), which is not on this map. Cited by 32 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Effects of Hydroxyurea and Metformin in Transfusion Dependent Beta-Thalassemia
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of cancer in patients with thalassemia and sickle cell disease: a systematic review.Annals of medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence and Mortality Outcomes of Melioidosis in Thalassemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Pooled it
- The Effects and Safety of Silymarin on β-thalassemia in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review based on Clinical Trial Studies.Reviews on recent clinical trials · 2024Pooled it
- Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Toward Hepatitis B Virus Among Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia Patients in Jordan.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Surface-based brain age index reflects hematological impacts on cognitive development in children with beta-thalassemia major.iScience · 2026Article
- Species distribution and antifungal susceptibility patterns of oral Candida colonization and infection in β-thalassemia major patients.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Functional alterations of neutrophils from β-thalassemia patients exposed to Pythium insidiosum: An ex vivo study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in a patient with thalassemia and a CFH gene mutation: a case report.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Severe bacterial infection in thalassemia patients: prevalence, predisposing factors, causative organisms and outcomes.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Iron and the immune system.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025Review
- Assessment of natural killer cell subpopulations in pediatric patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia major.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Immune Functions in Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia Patients with AlloimmunizationTurkish journal of haematology : official journal of Turkish Society of Haematology · 2025Article
- Metabolomic Investigation of Myelodysplastic Syndromes, Multiple Myeloma, and Homozygous β-Thalassemia.Cells · 2025Review
- Characterization and risk assessment of HbF elevation in non-thalassemia hematologic disease patients in Guangdong region.Annals of hematology · 2025Article
- Hyperhomocysteinemia in pediatric β-thalassemia: links to vitamin cofactor deficiencies and oxidative stress.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2025Article
- In transfusion-dependent thalassemia, neuronal damage biomarkers are associated with affective and chronic fatigue symptoms.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Inflammatory Monocyte Subsets Correlation with Iron Levels in Low Vitamin D Pediatric Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- Survival and causes of death in patients with alpha and beta-thalassemia in Northern Thailand.Annals of medicine · 2024Article
- HEV Infection in Beta-Thalassemia Patients.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Thalassemia, a chronic disease with chronic anemia, is caused by mutations in the β-globin gene, leading to reduced levels or complete deficiency of β-globin chain synthesis. Patients with β-thalassemia display variable clinical severity which ranges from asymptomatic features to severe transfusion-dependent anemia and complications in multiple organs. They not only are at increased risk of blood-borne infections resulting from multiple transfusions, but they also show enhanced susceptibility to infections as a consequence of coexistent immune deficiency. Enhanced susceptibility to infections in β-thalassemia patients is associated with the interplay of several complex biological processes. β-thalassemia-related abnormalities of the innate immune system include decreased levels of complement, properdin, and lysozyme, reduced absorption and phagocytic ability of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, disturbed chemotaxis, and altered intracellular metabolism processes. According to available literature data, immunological abnormalities observed in patients with thalassemia can be caused by both the disease itself as well as therapies. The most important factors promoting such alterations involve iron overload, phenotypical and functional abnormalities of immune system cells resulting from chronic inflammation oxidative stress, multiple blood transfusion, iron chelation therapy, and splenectomy. Unravelling the mechanisms underlying immune deficiency in β-thalassemia patients may enable the designing of appropriate therapies for this group of patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.