ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Long-Term Sequelae of Frostbite-A Scoping Review.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 62 citations in OpenAlex.
- Frostbite treatment: a systematic review with meta-analyses.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Botulinum Toxin A in the treatment of frostbite sequelae - results from a blinded, early-phase, comparative trial.International journal of circumpolar health · 2023Trial
- Frostbite: diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and future directions.Military Medical Research · 2026Review
- Synthesis of Protocols for Frostbite Care From the FROST Study Sites.Journal of burn care & research : official publication of the American Burn Association · 2026Observational
- [Interpretation of the 2025Zhonghua shao shang yu chuang mian xiu fu za zhi · 2026Article
- An Environmentally Tolerant 5A Hydrogel with Photothermal Effect for Frostbite Treatment.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Article
- Causes and Consequences of Freezing Cold Injuries in the Norwegian Armed Forces from the Soldier's Perspective-A Qualitative Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- ZIF-8 Hydrogel-Mediated Regulation of Macrophage Phenotype Accelerates Frostbite Wound Healing.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- TRPM8-driven thermogenesis by menthol: mechanisms of cold injury prevention.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2025Article
- Skin organoid transplantation promotes tissue repair with scarless in frostbite.Protein & cell · 2025Article
- Novel Frostbite Cooling Device for Real-time Assessment and Prevention of Chemotherapy-induced Peripheral Neuropathy.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Psychosocial and personal predisposing factors of frostbite injury and associated amputation: a systematic review.Injury epidemiology · 2024Review
- Construction and validation of a risk prediction model for soldiers with frostbite in northeast China: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Dermorphin [D-Arg2, Lys4] (1-4) Amide Alleviates Frostbite-Induced Pain by Regulating TRP Channel-Mediated Microglial Activation and Neuroinflammation.Molecular neurobiology · 2024Article
- Prolonged critical avalanche burial for nearly 23 h with severe hypothermia and severe frostbite with good recovery: a case report.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2024Article
- Frostbite secondary to antimycobacterial-induced peripheral neuropathy: a case report.International journal of burns and trauma · 2024Article
- Frozen shoulder: exploration of terminology and classification.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2024Article
- Comprehensive treatment of deep frostbite of multiple fingers after trauma: A case report.World journal of clinical cases · 2023Article
- The classification of freezing cold injuries - a NATO research task group position paper.International journal of circumpolar health · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Frostbite is tissue damage caused by freezing temperatures and constitutes an important cause of morbidity in cold climate zones and high altitude. The direct effects of sub-zero temperatures lead to tissue freezing, electrolyte shifts and pH alterations, microvascular damage, and eventually to cell death. Upon rewarming, inflammatory reperfusion injury and thrombosis may lead to further tissue damage. Several studies and various case reports show that many patients suffer from long-term sequelae such as vasomotor disturbances (associated with susceptibility to refreezing), and neuropathic and nociceptive pain, as well as damage to skeletal structures. There are still many uncertainties regarding the pathophysiology of these sequelae. It has been shown that the transient receptor potential channel (TRP) family plays a role in cold allodynia. Botulinum Toxin type A (BTX-A) injections have been reported to be beneficial in vasomotor and neuropathic disturbances secondary to frostbite. Epidural sympathetic block has been used for short-term treatment of frostbite induced chronic pain. Furthermore, amitriptyline, gabapentinoids, and duloxetine may have some benefits. Frostbite arthritis clinically resembles regular osteoarthritis. In children there is a risk of epiphyseal cartilage damage leading to bone deformities. Despite some promising therapeutic concepts, the scarcity of data on frostbite long-term sequelae in the literature indicates the need of more in-depth studies of this pathology in all its aspects.
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