ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Spatial Modeling of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Spatio-Temporal COVID-19 Modeling: A Global Systematic Review of Data Integration, Equity, and Lessons for Pandemic Preparedness.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Pooled it
- Application of Spatial Analysis on Electronic Health Records to Characterize Patient Phenotypes: Systematic Review.JMIR medical informatics · 2024Pooled it
- The impact of geo-environmental factors on global COVID-19 transmission: A review of evidence and methodology.The Science of the total environment · 2022Pooled it
- Exploring the correlates of COVID-19 vaccination inequity: a global analysis using machine learning from a health economic lens.Frontiers in health services · 2026Article
- Geospatial disparities in post-pandemic SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: Evidence from Chile beyond the national success.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
- Spatial multilevel analysis of individual, household, and community factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the Dominican Republic.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Graph-Based Prediction of Spatio-Temporal Vaccine Hesitancy From Insurance Claims Data.IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions · 2025Article
- Vaccine Hesitancy and Associated Factors Amongst Health Professionals: A Scoping Review of the Published Literature.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Socioeconomic determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.International journal of health economics and management · 2024Article
- A Study Examining the Impact of County-Level Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Political Affiliation Characteristics on COVID-19 Vaccination Patterns in Indiana.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Optimizing the Selection of Mass Vaccination Sites: Access and Equity Consideration.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Hesitancy or Resistance? Differential Changes in COVID-19 Vaccination Intention Between Black and White Americans.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- A scoping review of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: refusal rate, associated factors, and strategies to reduce.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Overcoming Health Inequities: Spatial Analysis of Seroprevalence and Vaccination Against COVID-19 in Chile.Health equity · 2024Article
- Spatiotemporal modeling of COVID-19 spread: unveiling socioeconomic disparities and patterns, across social classes in the urban population of Kermanshah, Iran.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Geographic disparities and predictors of COVID-19 vaccination in Missouri: a retrospective ecological study.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Geospatially clustered low COVID-19 vaccine rates among adolescents in socially vulnerable US counties.Preventive medicine reports · 2024Article
- The Impact of Meso-Level Factors on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Early Hesitancy in the United States.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Parents' Intentions, Concerns and Information Needs about COVID-19 Vaccination in New Jersey: A Qualitative Analysis.Vaccines · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy refers to delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite the availability of vaccine services. Despite the efforts of United States healthcare providers to vaccinate the bulk of its population, vaccine hesitancy is still a severe challenge that has led to the resurgence of COVID-19 cases to over 100,000 people during early August 2021. To our knowledge, there are limited nationwide studies that examined the spatial distribution of vaccination rates, mainly based on the social vulnerability index (SVI). In this study, we compiled a database of the percentage of fully vaccinated people at the county scale across the continental United States as of 29 July 2021, along with SVI data as potential significant covariates. We further employed multiscale geographically weighted regression to model spatial nonstationarity of vaccination rates. Our findings indicated that the model could explain over 79% of the variance of vaccination rate based on Per capita income and Minority (%) (with positive impacts), and Age 17 and younger (%), Mobile homes (%), and Uninsured people (%) (with negative effects). However, the impact of each covariate varied for different counties due to using separate optimal bandwidths. This timely study can serve as a geospatial reference to support public health decision-makers in forming region-specific policies in monitoring vaccination programs from a geographic perspective.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.