ArticleGenes2021
Metformin Triggers Apoptosis and Induction of the G0/G1 Switch 2 Gene in Macrophages.
Article in Genes, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Novel Insights into G0S2 as a Central Regulator of Lipid Metabolism and Its Implications for Meat Quality.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Adenovirus phagocytosis by neutrophils triggers a pro-inflammatory response.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Metformin and chloroquine enhanced the efficacy of cytarabine in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines: a drug repositioning approach.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Robust machine-learning based prognostic index using fatty acid metabolism genes predicts prognosis and therapy responses in glioblastoma.Journal of Cancer · 2025Article
- Metformin and Breast Cancer: Current Findings and Future Perspectives from Preclinical and Clinical Studies.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- G0S2 promotes antiestrogenic and pro-migratory responses in ER+ and ER- breast cancer cells.Translational oncology · 2023Article
- JAZF1 safeguards human endometrial stromal cells survival and decidualization by repressing the transcription of G0S2.Communications biology · 2023Article
- Transcriptional Characterization of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Reveals Immune Microenvironment Alterations in Chemically Induced Acute Lung Injury.Journal of inflammation research · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and has been recently demonstrated to possess anti-inflammatory properties via AMPK-mediated modulation of M2 macrophage activation. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of metformin on inflammatory macrophages are still not fully elucidated. In this study, we found that metformin induced apoptosis in macrophages. In particular, metformin induced apoptosis of M1 macrophages, based on M1 marker genes in apoptotic macrophages. Next, we comprehensively screened metformin-responsive genes in macrophages by RNA-seq and focused on the extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway. The G0/G1 switch 2 gene (G0S2) was robustly up-regulated by metformin in macrophages. Overexpression of G0S2 significantly induced apoptosis of macrophages in a dose-dependent manner and blunted the function of the crucial anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, which was significantly reduced by metformin. These findings show that metformin promoted apoptosis of macrophages, especially M1 macrophages, via G0S2 induction and provides a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of metformin through induction of macrophage apoptosis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.