ReviewCancers2021
Rapid Progress in the Use of Immunomodulatory Drugs and Cereblon E3 Ligase Modulators in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma.
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Decoding immunotherapy resistance in multiple myeloma: genetic insights and approaches to counter resistance.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Review
- Next-Generation Biomarkers in Multiple Myeloma: Advancing Diagnosis, Risk Stratification, and Precision Therapy Beyond Current Guidelines.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Prognostic significance of CD56 expression in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma and its correlation with clinicopathological features.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Reproductive autonomy of women living with multiple myeloma participating in a pregnancy prevention program.Reproductive health · 2025Article
- Bibliometric and visual analysis of drug-specific immunotherapy from 1990 to 2024.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Post-Translational Modifications in Multiple Myeloma: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Therapeutic Opportunities.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Resistance to immunomodulatory drugs in multiple myeloma: the cereblon pathway and beyond.Haematologica · 2025Review
- Article
- Natural killer cell biology and therapy in multiple myeloma: challenges and opportunities.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2024Review
- Targeting fusion oncoproteins in childhood cancers: challenges and future opportunities for developing therapeutics.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2024Article
- Review
- Updates of primary central nervous system lymphoma.Therapeutic advances in hematology · 2024Review
- Patient-Derived Multiple Myeloma 3D Models for Personalized Medicine-Are We There Yet?International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- CRL4Cancers · 2022Review
- Review
- 3,6'- and 1,6'-Dithiopomalidomide Mitigate Ischemic Stroke in Rats and Blunt Inflammation.Pharmaceutics · 2022Article
- Pomalidomide Treatment in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Patients-Real-World Data From Hungary.Pathology oncology research : POR · 2022Article
- Post-marketing safety of immunomodulatory drugs in multiple myeloma: A pharmacovigilance investigation based on the FDA adverse event reporting system.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
- Myeloma: A Lot of Progress, Still a Long Way to Go.Cancers · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the improvement in our understanding of the biology of MM and the introduction of new drug classes, including immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), proteasome inhibitors (PI), and monoclonal antibodies (MoAb), have significantly improved outcomes. The first IMiD introduced to treat MM was thalidomide. The side effects observed during treatment with thalidomide initiated work on the synthesis of IMiD analogs. Subsequently, lenalidomide and pomalidomide were developed, both with different safety profiles, and they have better tolerability than thalidomide. In 2010, the cereblon (CRBN) protein was discovered as a direct target of IMiDs. By binding to CRBN, IMiDs change the substrate specificity of the CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which results in the breakdown of internal Ikaros and Aiolos proteins. Most clinical trials conducted, both in newly diagnosed, post-transplant maintenance and relapsed/refractory MM, report a beneficial effect of IMiDs on the extension of progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with MM. Due to side effects, thalidomide is used less frequently. Currently, lenalidomide is used at every phase of MM treatment. Lenalidomide is used in conjunction with other agents such as PIs and MoAb as induction and relapsed therapy. Pomalidomide is currently used to treat relapsed/refractory MM, also with PIs and monoclonal antibodies. Current clinical trials are evaluating the efficacy of IMiD derivatives, the CRBN E3 ligase modulators (CELMoDs). This review focuses on the impact of IMiDs for the treatment of MM.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.