ReviewCancers2021
Immune Checkpoints in Cancers: From Signaling to the Clinic.
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune checkpoint molecules beyond PD-1 and CTLA-4: emerging targets in autoimmune diseases and cancer immunotherapy.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Review
- Clinical, Dermatoscopic, Histological and Molecular Prognostic and Predictive Factors of Metastatic Melanoma Response to Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review and Drug Class Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- Drug resistance mechanisms of immunotherapy and translational strategies for reversing resistance for hepatocellular carcinoma: from bench to bedside.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- In silico design of a multi-epitope vaccine against the triple negative breast cancer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Tumor immunology: unraveling the complex interaction between tumors and the immune system: a narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Review
- Aggressive pituitary tumors and pituitary carcinomas: Definition, management, and overview for clinical practice.Neuro-oncology advances · 2025Article
- m6A Methylation Regulator RBM15-Mediated Upregulation of ITGBL1 mRNA Stability Aggravates Colon Adenocarcinoma Progression by Remodeling the Tumor Microenvironment.The Turkish journal of gastroenterology : the official journal of Turkish Society of Gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Toxicity of Cancer Immunotherapies in Older Patients: Does Age Make a Difference?Drugs & aging · 2024Review
- Identification of novel disulfidptosis-related lncRNA signatures to predict the prognosis and immune microenvironment of skin cutaneous melanoma patients.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2024Article
- Biologics, Immunotherapies, and Cytotoxic Chemotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma following Current Recommendations by the BCLC: A Review of Agents.Seminars in interventional radiology · 2024Review
- Animal model considerations for chordoma research: reproducing the tumor microenvironmentFrontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Complement factor H: a novel innate immune checkpoint in cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Review
- Neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer networks share pathways, but differ in mechanisms, signaling strength, and outcome.NPJ genomic medicine · 2023Article
- Harnessing tumor immunity with cytotoxics: T cells monitoring in mice bearing lung tumors treated with anti-VEGF and pemetrexed-cisplatin doublet.British journal of cancer · 2023Article
- Biomimetic Cell-Derived Nanoparticles: Emerging Platforms for Cancer Immunotherapy.Pharmaceutics · 2023Review
- Neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer networks share pathways; but differ in mechanisms, signaling strength, and outcome.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Current Advances in Papillary Craniopharyngioma: State-Of-The-Art Therapies and Overview of the Literature.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Identification of Five Tumor Antigens for Development and Two Immune Subtypes for Personalized Medicine of mRNA Vaccines in Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Natural Killer T and Natural Killer Cell-Based Immunotherapy Strategies Targeting Cancer.Biomolecules · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The immune system is known to help fight cancers. Ten years ago, the first immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting CTLA4 was approved by the FDA to treat patients with metastatic melanoma. Since then, immune checkpoint therapies have revolutionized the field of oncology and the treatment of cancer patients. Numerous immune checkpoint inhibitors have been developed and tested, alone or in combination with other treatments, in melanoma and other cancers, with overall clear benefits to patient outcomes. However, many patients fail to respond or develop resistance to these treatments. It is therefore essential to decipher the mechanisms of action of immune checkpoints and to understand how immune cells are affected by signaling to be able to understand and overcome resistance. In this review, we discuss the signaling and effects of each immune checkpoint on different immune cells and their biological and clinical relevance. Restoring the functionality of T cells and their coordination with other immune cells is necessary to overcome resistance and help design new clinical immunotherapy strategies. In this respect, NK cells have recently been implicated in the resistance to anti-PD1 evoked by a protein secreted by melanoma, ITGBL1. The complexity of this network will have to be considered to improve the efficiency of future immunotherapies and may lead to the discovery of new immune checkpoints.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.