Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34572695›Full record

ArticleAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)2021

Empowering Patients to Self-Manage Common Infections: Qualitative Study Informing the Development of an Evidence-Based Patient Information Leaflet.

Catherine V Hayes, Bláthnaid Mahon, Eirwen Sides, Rosie Allison, Donna M Lecky, Cliodna A M McNulty

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
14citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
4.1field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. What patients want from access to UK general practice: systematic review.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025
    Pooled it
  2. Trial
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Safety-netting advice documentation in out-of-hours primary care: a retrospective cohort from 2013 to 2020.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2025
    Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Catherine V HayesPrimary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-6411-1023
Bláthnaid MahonPrimary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK.
Eirwen SidesPrimary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK.
Rosie AllisonPrimary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-1266-2549
Donna M LeckyPrimary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-1223-9356
Cliodna A M McNultyPrimary Care and Interventions Unit, Public Health England, Gloucester GL1 1DQ, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-4969-5360
Public Health England · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Common self-limiting infections can be self-managed by patients, potentially reducing consultations and unnecessary antibiotic use. This qualitative study informed by the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) aimed to explore healthcare professionals' (HCPs) and patients' needs on provision of self-care and safety-netting advice for common infections. Twenty-seven patients and seven HCPs participated in semi-structured focus groups (FGs) and interviews. An information leaflet was iteratively developed and reviewed by participants in interviews and FGs, and an additional 5 HCPs, and 25 patients (identifying from minority ethnic groups) via online questionnaires. Qualitative data were analysed thematically, double-coded, and mapped to the TDF. Participants required information on symptom duration, safety netting, self-care, and antibiotics. Patients felt confident to self-care and were averse to consulting with HCPs unnecessarily but struggled to assess symptom severity. Patients reported seeking help for children or elderly dependents earlier. HCPs' concerns included patients' attitudes and a lack of available monitoring of advice given to patients. Participants believed community pharmacy should be the first place that patients seek advice on common infections. The patient information leaflet on common infections should be used in primary care and community pharmacy to support patients to self-manage symptoms and determine when further help is required.

Indexed as

antibioticsbehavioural sciencecommunity pharmacygeneral practicepatient attitudesprimary healthcarequalitative studyquestionnaireself-care

Identifiers

PMID34572695
PMCPMC8464808
OpenAlexW3199995971

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.