ArticleBiomedicines2021
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Extracellular Vesicle Inhibitors: Screening, Validation, and Combination with Remdesivir.
Article in Biomedicines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unlocking the potential of remdesivir: innovative approaches to drug delivery.Drug delivery and translational research · 2025Review
- The next viral pandemic-where do we stand?Folia microbiologica · 2025Review
- Dual Role of Extracellular Vesicles as Orchestrators of Emerging and Reemerging Virus Infections.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Review
- Particulate matter exposure potentiates SARS-CoV-2 delta variant infection by suppressing epithelial antiviral responses.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- Virus infection and vesicle trafficking.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Pandemic Viral Infections.Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Review
- Placenta-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pregnancy Complications and Prospects on a Liquid Biopsy for Hemoglobin Bart's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Pathogenesis and Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Intestine, Liver, and Pancreas.Cells · 2023Review
- Comparison of viral inactivation methods on the characteristics of extracellular vesicles from SARS-CoV-2 infected human lung epithelial cells.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2022Article
- Therapeutic use of calpeptin in COVID-19 infection.Clinical science (London, England : 1979) · 2022Article
- Action Mechanisms of Small Extracellular Vesicles in Inflammaging.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect of extracellular vesicles released from mesenchymal stem cells.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2022Article
- Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Potential Applications in COVID-19.Biomedicines · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic severely impacts health, economy, and society worldwide. Antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 are urgently needed to cope with this global crisis. It has been found that the biogenesis and release mechanisms of viruses share a common pathway with extracellular vesicles (EVs). We hypothesized that small molecule inhibitors of EV biogenesis/release could exert an anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect. Here, we screened 17 existing EV inhibitors and found that calpeptin, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, exhibited the most potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity with no apparent cytotoxicity. Calpeptin demonstrated the dose-dependent inhibition against SARS-CoV-2 viral nucleoprotein expression in the infected cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.44 µM in Vero-E6 and 26.92 µM in Calu-3 cells, respectively. Moreover, calpeptin inhibited the production of infectious virions with the lower IC50 of 0.6 µM in Vero E6 cells and 10.12 µM in Calu-3 cells. Interestingly, a combination of calpeptin and remdesivir, the FDA-approved antiviral drug against SARS-CoV-2 viral replication, significantly enhanced the anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects compared to monotherapy. This study discovered calpeptin as a promising candidate for anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development. Further preclinical and clinical studies are warranted to elucidate the therapeutic efficacy of calpeptin and remdesivir combination in COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.