ArticleCells2021
Statins Decrease Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) by Inhibiting AKT and β-Catenin Signaling.
Article in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunological Drug-Drug Interactions in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, and Artificial Intelligence.Current oncology reports · 2026Review
- Article
- The impact of concomitant medications on treatment outcomes in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Atorvastatin as a pleiotropic anticancer agent: mechanisms, evidence, and therapeutic repurposing potential.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling at the immune checkpoint interface in lung cancer: molecular mechanisms, Tumor-Immune remodeling, therapeutic resistance, and emerging treatment strategies.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Tumorous cholesterol biosynthesis curtails anti-tumor immunity by preventing MTOR-TFEB-mediated lysosomal degradation of CD274/PD-L1.Autophagy · 2025Article
- Association between lipid-lowering drug targets and the risk of cystic kidney disease: a drug-target Mendelian randomization analysis.Renal failure · 2025Article
- Statins in the context of precision cancer medicine: important factors to consider.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Review
- Simvastatin inhibits the immunosuppressive effects of endometrial cancer-associated mesenchymal stem cells through TGF-β2/SMAD2/3 signaling and reduces tumor growth.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Modulating NPC1L1 to Potentiate PARP Inhibitor-Induced Ferroptosis and Immune Response in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.Pharmaceutics · 2025Article
- Early microvascular coronary endothelial dysfunction precedes pembrolizumab-induced cardiotoxicity. Preventive role of high dose of atorvastatin.Basic research in cardiology · 2025Article
- Targeting metabolic reprogramming to overcome immune tolerance in melanoma immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Cholesterol and Immune Microenvironment: Path Towards Tumorigenesis.Current nutrition reports · 2024Review
- Dysregulation of cellular membrane homeostasis as a crucial modulator of cancer risk.The FEBS journal · 2024Review
- Association between statin use and immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: analysis of the FAERS database.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Statins in Cancer Prevention and Therapy.Cancers · 2023Review
- Comedications with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Involvement of the Microbiota, Impact on Efficacy and Practical Implications.Cancers · 2023Review
- Statins exert anti-growth effects by suppressing YAP/TAZ expressions via JNK signal activation and eliminate the immune suppression by downregulating PD-L1 expression in pancreatic cancer.American journal of cancer research · 2023Article
- Article
- Tumor-intrinsic metabolic reprogramming and how it drives resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Retrospective observational studies have reported that statins improve clinical outcomes in patients previously treated with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)-targeting monoclonal antibodies for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) and advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In multiple mouse cancer models, de novo synthesis of mevalonate and cholesterol inhibitors was found to synergize with anti-PD-1 antibody therapy. In the present study, we investigated whether statins affect programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in cancer cells. Four statins, namely simvastatin, atorvastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin, decreased PD-L1 expression in melanoma and lung cancer cells. In addition, we found that AKT and β-catenin signaling involved PD-L1 suppression by statins. Our cellular and molecular studies provide inspiring evidence for extending the clinical evaluation of statins for use in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor-based cancer therapy.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.