ReviewCells2021
Beyond Activation: Characterizing Microglial Functional Phenotypes.
Review in Cells, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 174 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
174 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Multimodal microglial and kynurenine pathway alterations across the affective-psychosis spectrum: a systematic review of patterns, heterogeneity, and dimensional implications.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- The cytokines interleukin-6 and interferon-α induce distinct microglia phenotypes.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2022Pooled it
- Review
- Focused ultrasound-mediated lipid nanoparticle delivery for brain gene editing.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Synthetic Cyclic CAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Clearance of intracranial debris by ultrasound reduces inflammation and improves outcomes in hemorrhagic stroke models.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Near‑Infrared Photobiomodulation in White‑Matter Disease: From Microglial States to Measurable Endpoints.Neuromolecular medicine · 2026Review
- Expression of GPR34 in microglia remains stable in human Alzheimer's disease.Acta neuropathologica · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective effects ofBiomedical reports · 2026Article
- Current review on inducible nitric oxide synthase and Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors as disease-modifiers in preclinical models of epilepsy.Histology and histopathology · 2026Review
- Neuronal UBE3A loss engages a TNF-driven neuron-to-microglia axis that promotes synapse remodeling.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Pericytes are organ-specific regulators of tissue morphogenesis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Water-soluble fullerene derivatives mitigate cranial radiation-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction.Biomedical microdevices · 2026Article
- Apoptosis and Glial Marker Profiles in Hippocampus and Amygdala of Medically Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Selective elimination of myeloid HIV reservoirs by targeting pro-survival pathways.The Journal of infection · 2026Article
- PLGA Nanoparticle-based Anti-TLR2 scFv Gene Delivery for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.Experimental neurobiology · 2026Article
- Review
- The Translational Medicine Regarding Ozone in Saline Solutions. Comment on Armeli et al. Ozone Saline Solution Polarizes Microglial Cells Towards an Anti-Inflammatory Phenotype.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Adam9-deficient retinal pigment epithelium pseudopods maintain photoreceptor outer segment renewal despite subretinal space expansion.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- Microglial polarization in retinal neovascularization: Friend or foe?Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2026Review
114 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Classically, the following three morphological states of microglia have been defined: ramified, amoeboid and phagocytic. While ramified cells were long regarded as "resting", amoeboid and phagocytic microglia were viewed as "activated". In aged human brains, a fourth, morphologically novel state has been described, i.e., dystrophic microglia, which are thought to be senescent cells. Since microglia are not replenished by blood-borne mononuclear cells under physiological circumstances, they seem to have an "expiration date" limiting their capacity to phagocytose and support neurons. Identifying factors that drive microglial aging may thus be helpful to delay the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent progress in single-cell deep sequencing methods allowed for more refined differentiation and revealed regional-, age- and sex-dependent differences of the microglial population, and a growing number of studies demonstrate various expression profiles defining microglial subpopulations. Given the heterogeneity of pathologic states in the central nervous system, the need for accurately describing microglial morphology and expression patterns becomes increasingly important. Here, we review commonly used microglial markers and their fluctuations in expression in health and disease, with a focus on IBA1 low/negative microglia, which can be found in individuals with liver disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.