ReviewBiology2021
Peripheral Immune Dysfunction: A Problem of Central Importance after Spinal Cord Injury.
Review in Biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Status of Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Restoration of gamma-aminobutyric acid homeostasis: A novel approach to alleviating central nervous system injury-associated immunodepression syndrome.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Gut-lung axis perturbation andiScience · 2026Article
- Development of urinary impairment after spinal cord injury courses with altered urethral serotonin signalling in the female mice.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Modeling neurodegeneration in the retina and strategies for developing pan-neurodegenerative therapies.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Immune Activation Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Review Focused on Inflammatory Changes in the Spinal Cord.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Article
- Article
- Urinary Tract Infections in Relation to Bladder Emptying in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Patients with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Display a Progressive Alteration over the Years of the Activation Stages of the T Lymphocyte Compartment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Article
- Iron induces B cell pyroptosis through Tom20-Bax-caspase-gasdermin E signaling to promote inflammation post-spinal cord injury.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2023Article
- The Role of Aquaporins in Spinal Cord Injury.Cells · 2023Review
- A comprehensive look at the psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology of spinal cord injury and its progression: mechanisms and clinical opportunities.Military Medical Research · 2023Review
- Article
- Patients with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury and a Long Period of Evolution Exhibit an Altered Cytokine Production by CD4 and CD8 T Cell Populations.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION AFTER SPINAL CORD INJURY: PREVENTION AND TREATMENT - A SISTEMATIC REVIEW.Acta ortopedica brasileira · 2023Review
- Health Care Utilization and Cost Associated With Urinary Tract Infections in a Privately Insured Spinal Cord Injury Population.Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) exhibit increased susceptibility to infection, with pneumonia consistently ranking as a leading cause of death. Despite this statistic, chronic inflammation and concurrent immune suppression have only recently begun to be explored mechanistically. Investigators have now identified numerous changes that occur in the peripheral immune system post-SCI, including splenic atrophy, reduced circulating lymphocytes, and impaired lymphocyte function. These effects stem from maladaptive changes in the spinal cord after injury, including plasticity within the spinal sympathetic reflex circuit that results in exaggerated sympathetic output in response to peripheral stimulation below injury level. Such pathological activity is particularly evident after a severe high-level injury above thoracic spinal cord segment 6, greatly increasing the risk of the development of sympathetic hyperreflexia and subsequent disrupted regulation of lymphoid organs. Encouragingly, studies have presented evidence for promising therapies, such as modulation of neuroimmune activity, to improve regulation of peripheral immune function. In this review, we summarize recent publications examining (1) how various immune functions and populations are affected, (2) mechanisms behind SCI-induced immune dysfunction, and (3) potential interventions to improve SCI individuals' immunological function to strengthen resistance to potentially deadly infections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.