ArticleIndian journal of ophthalmology2021
Foldscope: A smartphone based diagnostic tool for fungal keratitis.
Article in Indian journal of ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Igniting children's enthusiasm for microbes with an origami paper microscope.Journal of microbiology & biology education · 2024Article
- Modern Technologies in Diagnosis of Fungal Keratitis (Review).Sovremennye tekhnologii v meditsine · 2023Review
- The Case for Fungal Keratitis to Be Accepted as a Neglected Tropical Disease.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Accuracy and Perception of an Origami-Based Paper Microscope When Compared to the Conventional Light Microscope in Oral Cytology.Journal of microscopy and ultrastructureArticle
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeSmartphone-based microscopy tool like foldscope (FS) may serve the purpose of a low-cost diagnostic alternative to the compound light microscope especially in areas with limited resources. The purpose of this study was to detect fungal pathogens causing keratitis on direct smear by smartphone-mounted FS and to evaluate the efficacy of FS against routine compound light microscope (CLM).
methodsThe prospective study was conducted at a tertiary eye care center from September 2019 to March 2020. The study included 60 smear examinations (Gram stain [GM] n = 30, Lactophenol Cotton Blue [LCB] n = 30) to detect fungal pathogens from corneal scraping material of clinically suspected fungal keratitis (FK) cases. The diagnostic utility of FS was compared with CLM for both GM and LCB wet mount. Data collected were used to quantify the agreement using Cohen's kappa between CLM and FS imaging.
resultsForty-six samples out of 60 were positive for fungi using CLM. GM stain and LCB showed 22/30 (73.33%) and 24/30 (80%) positive results with CLM, respectively. Moderate agreement (0.49) was observed between CLM and FS with the smartphone method. LCB mount showed high specificity of 1.00 over 0.87 of GM stain for FS with the smartphone.
conclusionDirect smear can be an early and sensitive measure to diagnose FK other than clinical suspicion. The smartphone-mounted FS has limited sensitivity as an alternative to CLM, but excellent specificity in the present study for FK. The FS as a smartphone-based diagnostic tool is simple, portable, and inexpensive in resource-constrained rural or remote clinical and public health settings in the absence of CLM and other higher diagnostic modalities.
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