Observational studyThe Journal of pediatrics2022
Behavioral Health Diagnoses in Youth with Gender Dysphoria Compared with Controls: A PEDSnet Study.
Observational study in The Journal of pediatrics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic Review of Interventions to Reduce Suicide Risk in Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Pooled it
- Exploring the global prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in LGBTIQ+ people: A systematic review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Gender Diversity, Gender Dysphoria/Incongruence, and the Intersection with Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Updated Scoping Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- "It's Really Complicated": Engaging Key Stakeholders to Inform a Novel Parent-led Sexual Health Education Program for Autistic Youth.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Worldwide prevalence of anxiety in transgender persons: Systematic review with meta-analysis.International journal of transgender health · 2026Review
- Article
- Multicenter Analysis of Cardiometabolic-Related Diagnoses in Youth With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A PEDSnet Study.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Article
- Mental Health Diagnoses and Suicidality Among Transgender Youth in Hospital Settings.LGBT health · 2025Article
- Research methods at the intersection of gender diversity and autism: A scoping review.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2024Article
- Gender Dysphoria and Scoliosis: Pediatric Orthopaedists Are Very Much Members of the Healthcare Team.Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America · 2024Article
- Two-Year Follow-Up Study of Health-Related Quality of Life Among Transgender and Gender Expansive Youth Receiving Gender-Affirming Care.Transgender health · 2024Article
- Is gender dysphoria associated with increased hospital cost per stay among patients hospitalized for depression? Focus on the racial and regional variance in US hospitals.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Affirming Care for Autism and Gender Diversity.Pediatrics · 2023Article
- Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth: Current Concepts.Annual review of medicine · 2023Review
- Multicenter Analysis of Cardiometabolic-related Diagnoses in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Youth: A PEDSnet Study.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess the odds of a psychiatric or neurodevelopmental diagnosis among youth with a diagnosis of gender dysphoria compared with matched controls in a large electronic health record dataset from 6 pediatric health systems, PEDSnet. We hypothesized that youth with gender dysphoria would have higher odds of having psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diagnoses than controls. STUDY
designAll youth with a diagnosis of gender dysphoria (n = 4173 age at last visit 16.2 ± 3.4) and at least 1 outpatient encounter were extracted from the PEDSnet database and propensity-score matched on 8 variables to controls without gender dysphoria (n = 16 648, age at last visit 16.2 ± 4.8) using multivariable logistic regression. The odds of having psychiatric and neurodevelopmental diagnoses were examined using generalized estimating equations.
resultsYouth with gender dysphoria had higher odds of psychiatric (OR 4.0 [95% CI 3.8, 4.3] P < .0001) and neurodevelopmental diagnoses (1.9 [1.7, 2.0], P < .0001). Youth with gender dysphoria were more likely to have a diagnosis across all psychiatric disorder subcategories, with particularly high odds of mood disorder (7.3 [6.8, 7.9], P < .0001) and anxiety (5.5 [5.1, 5.9], P < .0001). Youth with gender dysphoria had a greater odds of autism spectrum disorder (2.6, [2.2, 3.0], P < .0001).
conclusionsYouth with gender dysphoria at large pediatric health systems have greater odds of psychiatric and several neurodevelopmental diagnoses compared with youth without gender dysphoria. Further studies are needed to evaluate changes in mental health over time with access to gender affirming care.
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Registered trials
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