SynthesisThe Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association2022
Maternal Cigarette Smoking and Cleft Lip and Palate: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 57 citations in OpenAlex.
- Secondhand smoke exposure and human health: an umbrella review.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and dental development in offspring: a systematic review.Evidence-based dentistry · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Maternal factors increase risk of orofacial cleft: a meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Maternal modifiable factors and risk of congenital heart defects: systematic review and causality assessment.BMJ open · 2024Pooled it
- Medication use during pregnancy and the risk of gastroschisis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2024Pooled it
- Tools for assessing quality and risk of bias in Mendelian randomization studies: a systematic review.International journal of epidemiology · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Epidemiological and Clinical Profile of Cleft Lip and/or Palate in Mbujimayi: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Effects of Smoothened Agonist Exposure on Murine Craniofacial Development.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Adverse Physical Consequences of Perinatal E-cigarette Use by Pregnant Mothers on Their Offspring: A Scoping Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- Craniofacial and dental toxicity of dioxins: developmental phenotypes and mechanistic insights.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Evaluating Differences in Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts by Infant Sex: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011.The Journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Etiology of Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate in Southeastern Poland Based on Current Observational Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- The impact of maternal stress on non-syndromic clefts: a retrospective case-control study.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2025Article
- Maternal smoking during pregnancy and blood lead levels in US children aged 1-15 years: associations modified by age and race.Paediatrics & child health · 2025Article
- Prevalence of hypomineralised second primary molars and molar incisor hypomineralisation in patients with cleft lip and/or palate.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2025Article
- Review
- Burden of orofacial clefts from 1990-2021 at global, regional, and national levels.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Characteristics of Factors Influencing the Occurrence of Cleft Lip and/or Palate: A Case Analysis and Literature Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the association between active maternal smoking and cleft lip and palate etiology. Medline, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from inception to November, 2020. Observational studies of cigarette smoking habits in pregnant women. Outcomes included cleft lip and/or palate, cleft lip ± palate and cleft palate only. Publication bias analyses were performed and the Newcastle Ottawa scales were used to assess study quality. Fixed or random effect models were used in the meta-analysis, dependent on risk of statistical heterogeneity. Forty-five studies were eligible for inclusion of which 11 were cohort and 34 were case-control studies. Sixteen studies were of sufficient standard for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The summary odds ratio for the association between smoking and cleft lip and/or palate was 1.42 (95%CI 1.27-1.59) with a population attributable fraction of 4% (95%CI 3%-5%). There was limited evidence to show a dose-response effect of smoking. This review reports a moderate association between maternal smoking and orofacial cleft but the overall quality of the conventional observational studies included was poor. There is a need for high quality and novel research strategies to further define the role of smoking in the etiology of cleft lip and palate.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.