Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34568957›Full record

ArticleCell and tissue research2021

Polarized M2 macrophages induced by mechanical stretching modulate bone regeneration of the craniofacial suture for midfacial hypoplasia treatment.

Wei Liang, Pengbing Ding, Jiaying Qian, Guan Li, Enhang Lu, Zhenmin Zhao

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Cell and tissue research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
22citing papers in PubMed
3.8field-weighted citation impact, top 6% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

22 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
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  8. M2c Macrophages Mediate YAP1 to Promote Vascularized Bone Regeneration in Distraction Osteogenesis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Review
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  13. Progress in immunoregulatory mechanisms during distraction osteogenesis.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025
    Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
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  20. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Wei LiangDepartment of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
Pengbing DingDepartment of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
Jiaying QianDepartment of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
Guan LiDepartment of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
Enhang LuDepartment of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
Zhenmin ZhaoDepartment of Plastic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China. zzmbysy@sina.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7177-2169
Peking University · CN

Funding

key clinical projects of peking university third hospital BYSY2018061National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 81571925
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The underlying mechanism of the trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis (TSDO) technique as an effective treatment that improves the symptoms of midfacial hypoplasia syndromes is not clearly understood. Increasing findings in the orthopedics field indicate that macrophages are mechanically sensitive and their phenotypes can respond to mechanical cues. However, how macrophages respond to mechanical stretching and consequently influence osteoblast differentiation of suture-derived stem cells (SuSCs) remains unclear, particularly during the TSDO process. In the present study, we established a TSDO rat model to determine whether and how macrophages were polarized in response to stretching and consequently affected bone regeneration of the suture frontal edge. Notably, after performing immunofluorescence, RNA-sequencing, and micro-computed tomography, it was demonstrated that macrophages are first recruited by various chemokines factors and polarized to the M2 phenotype upon optimal stretching. The latter in turn regulates SuSC activity and facilitates bone regeneration in sutures. Moreover, when the activated M2 macrophages were suppressed by pharmacological manipulation, new bone microarchitecture could rarely be detected under mechanical stretching and the expansion of the sutures was clear. Additionally, macrophages achieved M2 polarization in response to the optimal mechanical stretching (10%, 0.5 Hz) and strongly facilitated SuSC osteogenic differentiation and human umbilical vein endothelial cell angiogenesis using an indirect co-culture system in vitro. Collectively, this study revealed the mechanical stimulation-immune response-bone regeneration axis and clarified at least in part how sutures achieve bone regeneration in response to mechanical force.

Indexed as

AnimalsBone RegenerationCranial SuturesDisease Models, AnimalFaceHumansMacrophagesMaleRatsRats, Sprague-DawleyM2 macrophageMechanical stretchingOsteoblastSuture-derived stem cellTrans-sutural distraction osteogenesis

Identifiers

PMID34568957
OpenAlexW3203748459

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.