Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34568716›Full record

ArticleJCO precision oncology2021

Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Remains Dependent on Oncogenic Drivers Found in Primary Tumors.

David J Einstein, Seiji Arai, Carla Calagua, Fang Xie, Olga Voznesensky, Brian J Capaldo, Christina Luffman, Jonathan L Hecht, Steven P Balk, Adam G Sowalsky and 1 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in JCO precision oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Increased ErbB2 Signaling Is an Early Adaptation to Androgen Signaling Inhibition and Persists in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

David J EinsteinDivision of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.ORCID 0000-0001-9163-3281
Seiji AraiDivision of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.ORCID 0000-0002-9514-735X
Carla CalaguaDivision of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Fang XieDivision of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Olga VoznesenskyDivision of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Brian J CapaldoLaboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.ORCID 0000-0003-1244-8884
Christina LuffmanDepartment of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA.
Jonathan L HechtDepartment of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA.
Steven P BalkDivision of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.ORCID 0000-0002-4546-7371
Adam G SowalskyLaboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD.ORCID 0000-0003-2760-1853
Joshua W RussoDivision of Medical Oncology and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.ORCID 0000-0001-5481-0090

Funding

Steroid Metabolism in Castration-Resistant Prostate CancerP01CA163227 · NCI · BETH ISRAEL DEACONESS MEDICAL CENTER · PI Steven P. Balk · 2013 to 2026
$25.0M
Precision Interception of Aggressive Prostate Cancer in African American MenP20CA233255 · NCI · DANA-FARBER CANCER INST · PI REBBECK, TIMOTHY R · 2018 to 2020
$3.2M
BRCA1 FunctionR01CA090281 · NCI · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI PARVIN, JEFFREY D · 2002 to 2006
$1.7M
NCI NIH HHS P01 CA163227NCI NIH HHS P20 CA233255NCI NIH HHS R01 CA090281
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Metastatic prostate cancer is initially sensitive to androgen receptor inhibition, but eventually becomes castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Early use of more intensive therapies targeting androgen receptor and other oncogenic drivers in treatment-naïve primary prostate cancer (PC) may be more effective than that in advanced mCRPC. However, analysis of primary tumors may not reveal targetable metastatic drivers that are subclonal in the primary tumor or acquired at metastatic sites.

methodsPC samples spanning one patient's clinical course: diagnostic biopsies, pre- or post-enzalutamide metastatic biopsies, and rapid autopsy samples including a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) were analyzed by targeted exome sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis.

resultsLeft- and right-lobe primary PC tumors appeared to diverge, with the right acquiring additional shared mutations and striking differences in copy number alterations that later appeared in metastatic samples during the treatment course and at autopsy, whereas the left base tumor maintained a quiet copy number alteration landscape and partitioned into a dead-end node.

conclusionThese findings indicate that truncal alterations identified in primary PC can drive advanced mCRPC, even in the presence of additional strong oncogenic drivers (ie,

Indexed as

Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-ResistantBiopsyCarcinogenesisHumansMalePhylogeny

Identifiers

PMID34568716
PMCPMC8457789

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.