ArticleInternational journal of surgical oncology2021
The Utility of SOX2 and AGR2 Biomarkers as Early Predictors of Tamoxifen Resistance in ER-Positive Breast Cancer Patients.
Article in International journal of surgical oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tumor-secreted AGR2 induces dendritic cell dysfunction and impairs immunotherapy efficacy in LKB1-deficient cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Agr2 in cancer and beyond: unraveling its role during protein synthesis, ER stress, and as a predictive biomarker.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2025Review
- Genetic and epigenetic contribution to tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer, concepts to drive therapeutic strategies.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Radiogenomic Landscape of Metastatic Endocrine-Positive Breast Cancer Resistant to Aromatase Inhibitors.Cancers · 2025Review
- Morphological and Immunocytochemical Characterization of Paclitaxel-Induced Microcells in Sk-Mel-28 Melanoma Cells.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- AGR2: The Covert Driver and New Dawn of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer Treatment.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- AGR2: a secreted protein worthy of attention in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.Frontiers in oncology · 2023Review
- Identification of potential target genes of honokiol in overcoming breast cancer resistance to tamoxifen.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite the undeniable benefit of tamoxifen therapy for ER-positive breast cancer patients, approximately one-third of those patients either do not respond to tamoxifen or develop resistance. Thus, it is a crucial step to identify novel, reliable, and easily detectable biomarkers indicating resistance to this drug.
objectiveThe aim of this work is to explore SOX2 and AGR2 biomarker expression in the tumor tissue of ER-positive breast cancer patients in combination with the evaluation of serum AGR2 level of these patients in order to validate these biomarkers as early predictors of tamoxifen resistance.
methodsThis study was conducted on 224 ER-positive breast cancer patients. All patients were primarily subjected to serum AGR2 levelling by ELISA and their breast cancer tissue immunostained for SOX2 and AGR2. After 5 years of follow-up, the patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 was tamoxifen sensitive and groups 2 and 3 were tamoxifen resistant. Time to failure of tamoxifen treatment was considered the time from the beginning of tamoxifen therapy to the time of discovery of breast cancer recurrence or metastases (in months).
resultsSOX2 and AGR2 biomarkers expression and serum AGR2 level were significantly higher in groups 2 and 3 in comparison to group 1, while the relationship between Her2 neu expression and Ki67 index in the 3 different groups was statistically nonsignificant. Lower SOX2 and AGR2 expression and low AGR2 serum levels in the studied patients of groups 2 and 3 were significantly associated with longer time-to-failure of tamoxifen treatment. According to the ROC curve, the combined use of studied markers validity was with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 96%, PPV 96%, and NPV 100% (
conclusionsIntegrated use of SOX2 and AGR2 biomarkers with serum AGR2 assay holds a promising hope for their future use as predictive markers for early detection of tamoxifen resistance in ER-positive breast cancer patients.
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