ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Redefining COVID-19 Severity and Prognosis: The Role of Clinical and Immunobiotypes.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prognostic value of von Willebrand factor and ADAMTS13 in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Thrombosis research · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review on neutrophil extracellular traps and its prognostication role in COVID-19 patients.Immunologic research · 2022Pooled it
- Obesity and COVID-19 severity independently shape adipokine dysregulation and immune cell remodeling.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Efficient and scalable construction of clinical variable networks for complex diseases with RAMEN.Cell reports methods · 2025Article
- Multiomics analysis unveils key biomarkers during dynamic progress of IAV infection in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Comprehensive clinical and metabolomics profiling of COVID-19 Mexican patients across three epidemiological waves.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Article
- A Nomogram for Predicting Survival in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Pneumonia Based on Admission Data.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Article
- Metabolomics for Clinical Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Target Identification.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Identifying the plasma metabolome responsible for mediating immune cell action in severe COVID-19: a Mendelian randomization investigation.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2024Article
- Differential abundance of lipids and metabolites related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and susceptibility.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Chronic Comorbidities in Middle Aged Patients Contribute to Ineffective Emergency Hematopoiesis in Covid-19 Fatal Outcomes.Archives of medical research · 2023Article
- Assessment of Clinical Indicators Registered on Admission to the Hospital Related to Mortality Risk in Cancer Patients with COVID-19.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Simulation of COVID-19 symptoms in a genetically engineered mouse model: implications for the long haulers.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2023Article
- Plasma Metabolome Alterations Discriminate between COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Pneumonia.Metabolites · 2022Article
- Review
- Article
- Article
- NETosis and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in COVID-19: Immunothrombosis and Beyond.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Neutrophils in COVID-19: Not Innocent Bystanders.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Most of the explanatory and prognostic models of COVID-19 lack of a comprehensive assessment of the wide COVID-19 spectrum of abnormalities. The aim of this study was to unveil novel biological features to explain COVID-19 severity and prognosis (death and disease progression). Methods: A predictive model for COVID-19 severity in 121 patients was constructed by ordinal logistic regression calculating odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for a set of clinical, immunological, metabolomic, and other biological traits. The accuracy and calibration of the model was tested with the area under the curve (AUC), Somer's D, and calibration plot. Hazard ratios with 95% CI for adverse outcomes were calculated with a Cox proportional-hazards model. Results: The explanatory variables for COVID-19 severity were the body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin, albumin, 3-Hydroxyisovaleric acid, CD8+ effector memory T cells, Th1 cells, low-density granulocytes, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, plasma TRIM63, and circulating neutrophil extracellular traps. The model showed an outstanding performance with an optimism-adjusted AUC of 0.999, and Somer's D of 0.999. The predictive variables for adverse outcomes in COVID-19 were severe and critical disease diagnosis, BMI, lactate dehydrogenase, Troponin I, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, serum levels of IP-10, malic acid, 3, 4 di-hydroxybutanoic acid, citric acid, myoinositol, and cystine. Conclusions: Herein, we unveil novel immunological and metabolomic features associated with COVID-19 severity and prognosis. Our models encompass the interplay among innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation-induced muscle atrophy and hypoxia as the main drivers of COVID-19 severity.
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