ArticleJournal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition2021
Effects of carbohydrate and caffeine mouth rinsing on strength, muscular endurance and cognitive performance.
Article in Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Revisiting the evidence on caffeine mouth rinse: effects on exercise and cognitive performance: a meta-analytic review.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Human Capacity and Performance-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 90 Controlled Trials.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Fed, not fasted: is carbohydrate mouth rinsing still ergogenic? A three-level meta-analysis.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Effects of energy drinks on repeated sprint performance and cognitive function in athletes.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Trial
- Individual responses to encapsulated caffeine and caffeine chewing gum on strength and power in strength-trained males.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Trial
- Effects of carbohydrate, caffeine, and combined mouth rinses on physiological and perceptual responses during high-intensity interval exercise following a pre-exercise meal: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover trial.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Trial
- The effect of repeated coffee mouth rinsing and caffeinated gum consumption on aerobic capacity and explosive power of table tennis players: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2024Trial
- Effect of single or combined caffeine and L-Theanine supplementation on shooting and cognitive performance in elite curling athletes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2023Trial
- Differential Time-of-Day Effects of Caffeine Capsule and Mouth Rinse on Cognitive Performance in Adolescent Male Volleyball Athletes: A Randomized Crossover Investigation.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Caffeine Supplementation Is Beneficial for the Pulling Performance of Indoor Tug-of-War Athletes.Biology · 2025Article
- Maximal Number of Repetitions at Percentages of the One Repetition Maximum: A Meta-Regression and Moderator Analysis of Sex, Age, Training Status, and Exercise.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2024Review
- Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Increases High but Not Low Intensity Repetitions to Failure in Resistance-Trained Males.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Ingestion of Carbohydrate Solutions and Mouth Rinse on Mood and Perceptual Responses during Exercise in Triathletes.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance.SAGE open medicine · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 6 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCarbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) mouth rinsing have been shown to enhance endurance and sprint performance. However, the effects of CHO and CAF mouth rinsing on muscular and cognitive performance in comparison between male and female athletes are less well-established. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of CHO and CAF rinsing on squat and bench press 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) strength, 3 sets of 40% of 1-RM muscular endurance and cognitive performance in both male and female athletes.
methodsThirteen male and fourteen female resistance-trained participants completed four testing sessions following the rinsing of 25 ml of i) 6% of CHO (1.5 g); ii) 2% CAF (500 mg), iii) combined CHO and CAF (CHOCAF) solutions or iv) water (PLA) for 10 s. Heart rate (HR), felt arousal (FA), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and glucose (GLU) were recorded throughout the test protocol.
resultsThere were no significant differences in squat and bench press 1-RM, HR, RPE and GLU (p > 0.05) for males and females, respectively. FA was significantly increased with CAF (p = 0.04, p = 0.01) and CHOCAF (p = 0.03, p = 0.01) condition in both males and females, respectively. Squat endurance performance in the first set was significantly increased with CHOCAF condition compared to PLA in both males (p = 0.01) and females (p = 0.02). Bench press endurance was similar for all conditions in both genders (p > 0.05). Cognitive performance was significantly increased with CHOCAF compared to PLA in males (p = 0.03) and females (p = 0.02).
conclusionCombined CHO and CAF mouth rinsing significantly improved lower body muscular endurance and cognitive performance in both males and females.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.