ReviewToxins2021
Removal of Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins Using Binding Competitors in Hemodialysis: A Narrative Review.
Review in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Animal Models for Studying Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Removal-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Revisiting the hemodiafiltration with endogenous reinfusion: what is its merit in clinical practice? A narrative review.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Comparing Ibuprofen and Loop Diuretics for Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins Clearance During Hemodialysis.Kidney international reports · 2026Article
- Combined Docosahexaenoic Acid and Captopril Treatment Attenuates Indole Acetic Acid Induced Cardiovascular Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease.Molecular nutrition & food research · 2026Article
- Membrane-to-Patient Optimization: Individualized Dialyzer Selection for Extracorporeal Dialysis.Toxins · 2026Review
- Optimization of Ibuprofen Route and Dosage to Enhance Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Clearance During Hemodialysis.Toxins · 2026Article
- A guide to uraemic toxicity.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- Lymphocyte Phenotypes and Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins as Determinants of Clinical Outcomes in Hemodialysis Patients.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Observational
- The Chorioallantoic Membrane as a Platform for Developing Vascularized Cell Macroencapsulation Devices.Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2025Article
- The Choice of Anti-Inflammatory Influences the Elimination of Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins.Toxins · 2024Article
- Future of Uremic Toxin Management.Toxins · 2024Review
- Article
- Non-dialyzable uremic toxins and renal tubular cell damage in CKD patients: a systems biology approach.European journal of medical research · 2024Article
- Displacing the Burden: A Review of Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin Clearance Strategies in Chronic Kidney Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins in Senescence and Kidney Fibrosis.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- A Novel Strategy for Enhanced Sequestration of Protein-Bound Uremic Toxins Using Smart Hybrid Membranes.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2023Article
- Is Adynamic Bone Always a Disease? Lessons from Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Review
- Article
- Interaction of Human Serum Albumin with Uremic Toxins: The Need of New Strategies Aiming at Uremic Toxins Removal.Membranes · 2022Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Removal of protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) during conventional dialysis is insufficient. PBUTs are associated with comorbidities and mortality in dialysis patients. Albumin is the primary carrier for PBUTs and only a small free fraction of PBUTs are dialyzable. In the past, we proposed a novel method where a binding competitor is infused upstream of a dialyzer into an extracorporeal circuit. The competitor competes with PBUTs for their binding sites on albumin and increases the free PBUT fraction. Essentially, binding competitor-augmented hemodialysis is a reactive membrane separation technique and is a paradigm shift from conventional dialysis therapies. The proposed method has been tested in silico, ex vivo, and in vivo, and has proven to be very effective in all scenarios. In an ex vivo study and a proof-of-concept clinical study with 18 patients, ibuprofen was used as a binding competitor; however, chronic ibuprofen infusion may affect residual kidney function. Binding competition with free fatty acids significantly improved PBUT removal in pre-clinical rat models. Based on in silico analysis, tryptophan can also be used as a binding competitor; importantly, fatty acids or tryptophan may have salutary effects in HD patients. More chemoinformatics research, pre-clinical, and clinical studies are required to identify ideal binding competitors before routine clinical use.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.