ArticleSocial science & medicine (1982)2021
Area level deprivation and monthly COVID-19 cases: The impact of government policy in England.
Article in Social science & medicine (1982), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed.
- Manualised package intervention to achieve treatment adherence in people with tuberculosis: the IMPACT pilot cluster-RCT.Health technology assessment (Winchester, England) · 2026Trial
- Socioeconomic and temporal heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 exposure and disease in England from May 2020 to February 2023.Science advances · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in waiting times for breast cancer surgery.Health economics · 2025Article
- The impact of health inequity on spatial variation of COVID-19 transmission in England.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- COVID-19 inequalities in England: a mathematical modelling study of transmission risk and clinical vulnerability by socioeconomic status.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Regional variation of COVID-19 admissions, acute kidney injury and mortality in England - a national observational study using administrative data.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Observational
- Social determinants of spatial inequalities in COVID-19 outcomes across England: A multiscale geographically weighted regression analysis.SSM - population health · 2024Article
- Dying together: A convergence analysis of fatalities during COVID-19.Journal of economic asymmetries · 2023Article
- Time-sensitive testing pressures and COVID-19 outcomes: are socioeconomic inequalities over the first year of the pandemic explained by selection bias?BMC public health · 2023Article
- Spatiotemporal pattern of COVID-19 mortality and its relationship with socioeconomic and environmental factors in England.Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology · 2023Article
- The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Socioeconomic Deprivation on Admissions to the Emergency Department for Psychiatric Illness: An Observational Study in a Province of Southern Italy.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 spread and area economic disadvantage in the italian three-tier restrictions: a multilevel approach.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Deprivation, essential and non-essential activities and SARS-CoV-2 infection following the lifting of national public health restrictions in England and Wales.NIHR open research · 2023Article
- Changing patterns of SARS-CoV-2 infection through Delta and Omicron waves by vaccination status, previous infection and neighbourhood deprivation: a cohort analysis of 2.7 M people.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- COVID-19 and deprivation amplification: An ecological study of geographical inequalities in mortality in England.Health & place · 2022Article
- What have we learned about socioeconomic inequalities in the spread of COVID-19? A systematic review.Sustainable cities and society · 2022Article
- Explaining the deprivation gap in COVID-19 mortality rates: A decomposition analysis of geographical inequalities in England.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2022Article
- Impact of Socioeconomic Deprivation on the Local Spread of COVID-19 Cases Mediated by the Effect of Seasons and Restrictive Public Health Measures: A Retrospective Observational Study in Apulia Region, Italy.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Observational
- Does Influenza Vaccination Reduce the Risk of Contracting COVID-19?Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
This paper aims to understand the relationship between area level deprivation and monthly COVID-19 cases in England in response to government policy throughout 2020. The response variable is monthly reported COVID-19 cases at the Middle Super Output Area (MSOA) level by Public Health England, with Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), ethnicity (percentage of the population across 5 ethnicity categories) and the percentage of the population older than 70 years old and time as predictors. A GEE population-averaged panel-data model was employed to model trends in monthly COVID-19 cases with the population of each MSOA included as the exposure variable. Area level deprivation is significantly associated with COVID-19 cases from March 2020; however, this relationship is reversed in December 2020. Follow up analysis found that this reversal was maintained when controlling for the novel COVID-19 variant outbreak in the South East of England. This analysis indicates that changes in the role of deprivation and monthly reported COVID-19 over time cases may be linked to two government policies: (1) the premature easing of national restrictions in July 2020 when cases were still high in the most deprived areas in England and (2) the introduction of a regional tiered system in October predominantly in the North of England. The analysis adds to the evidence showing that deprivation is a key driver of COVID-19 outcomes and highlights the unintended negative impact of government policy.
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