Observational studyPsychoneuroendocrinology2021
Immune function, cortisol, and cognitive decline & dementia in an aging latino population.
Observational study in Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Leveraging artificial intelligence for analysis of the gut microbiome for dementia diagnosis: a scoping review and discussion.Frontiers in dementia · 2026Pooled it
- Peripheral immune function and Alzheimer's disease: a living systematic review and critical appraisal.Molecular psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- The risk of dementia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of colorectal disease · 2022Pooled it
- Recent Insights into the Role of Herpesviridae in Alzheimer's Disease: A Structured Narrative Review Based on a Systematic Literature Search.Neurology international · 2026Review
- Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of inflammation and immune activation associated with neurocognitive impairment among US Latinos with HIV.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Article
- Hippocampal Subfields Related to Cognitive Decline and Peripheral TIM-3 Levels in Elderly with Knee Osteoarthritis.Journal of pain research · 2025Article
- Review
- Sociodemographic patterns in biomarkers of aging in the Add Health cohort.Biodemography and social biologyArticle
- Health Disparities in Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Role of Social Strain, Depression, and C-Reactive Protein.Gerontology & geriatric medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe etiology of dementias and cognitive decline remain largely unknown. It is widely accepted that inflammation in the central nervous system plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of dementia. However, less is known about the role of the peripheral immune system and interactions with cortisol, though evidence suggests that these, too, may play a role.
methodsUsing data from 1337 participants aged 60+ years from the Sacramento Area Latino Study of Aging (observational cohort) we investigated variation in trajectories of cognitive decline by pathogen IgG and cytokine levels. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the association between baseline Interleukin (IL)-6, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and five persistent pathogens' IgG response and trajectories of cognition over 10 years, and to examine interactions between immune biomarkers and cortisol. Stratified cumulative incidence functions were used to assess the relation between biomarkers and incident dementia. Inverse probability weights accounted for loss-to-follow-up and confounding.
resultsIL-6, TNF-α, and CMV IgG were statistically significantly associated with a higher log of Modified Mini-Mental State Examination errors (IL-6, β=0.0935 (95%CI: 0.055, 0.13), TNF-alpha β= 0.0944 (95%CI: 0.032, 0.157), and CMV, β= 0.0409 (95%CI: 0.013, 0.069)). Furthermore, cortisol interacted with HSV-1 and IL-6, and CRP for both cross-sectional cognitive function and rate of decline. No statistically significant relationship was detected between biomarkers and incidence of dementia.
conclusionsThese findings support the theory that the peripheral immune system may play a role in cognitive decline but not incident dementia. Furthermore, they identify specific markers amenable for intervention for slowing decline.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.