ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2022
"They Wanted to Talk to a 'Real Doctor'": Predictors, Perpetrators, and Experiences of Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Among Healthcare Workers.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Navigating discriminatory requests and refusals of healthcare workers: A Canadian-based inpatient hospital algorithm.Nursing ethics · 2026Article
- The Critical Role of Race-Conscious Framework in Advancing Mental Health Workforce Diversity: A Case Study.Race and social problems · 2026Article
- Physician Experience of Discrimination in a Leadership and Well-Being Program.Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine : JABFM · 2025Article
- Mind the 'inequality' gap: intersectionality-informed scoping review of inequalities and adverse experiences of health and care workers globally.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Discrimination and Quality of Life During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences of Racial/Ethnic Minority Nursing Staff in the United States.International nursing review · 2025Article
- Article
- Vicarious Racism, Direct Racism, and Mental Health Among Racialized Minority Healthcare Workers.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- A scoping review exploring the confidence of healthcare professionals in assessing all skin tones.British paramedic journal · 2023Article
- Structural Racism, Workforce Diversity, and Mental Health Disparities: A Critical Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Review
- Gender Discrimination and Mental Health Among Health Care Workers: Findings from a Mixed Methods Study.Journal of women's health (2002) · 2023Article
- Exposure to Multicultural Context Affects Neural Response to Out-Group Faces: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A systematic review on the cultural factors associated with stigma during pandemics.Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.) · 2023Article
- The Impact of Race and Gender-Related Discrimination on the Psychological Distress Experienced by Junior Doctors in the UK: A Qualitative Secondary Data Analysis.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Gender discrimination among women healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a mixed methods study.PloS one · 2023Article
- Racism in Medicine:: Targeting Microaggressions in Delaware Healthcare (TMDH).Delaware journal of public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRacial and ethnic diversity of healthcare workers have benefits on team functioning and patient care. However, a significant barrier to retaining diverse providers is discrimination.
objectiveTo assess the predictors, perpetrators, and narratives of racial discrimination among healthcare workers.
designSurvey study.
participantsHealthcare workers employed at academic hospitals. MAIN MEASURES: We assessed prevalence and perpetrators of racial and ethnic discrimination using the General Ethnic Discrimination Scale. We included an open-ended question asking respondents to recount experiences of discrimination and analyzed responses using grounded theory. KEY
resultsOf the 997 participants, 12.2% were females from backgrounds underrepresented in medicine (URM), 4.0% URM males, 10.1% Asian females, 4.7% Asian males, 49.1% non-Hispanic White females, and 19.8% non-Hispanic White males. Among healthcare workers of color, 85.2% reported discrimination. Over half of URM females (51.4%), URM males (52.6%), and Asian females (62.5%) reported discrimination by patients. About 20-25% of URM females, URM males, and Asian females reported discrimination by teachers, supervisors, co-workers, and institutions. In adjusted binary logistic models, URM females had 10.14 odds (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 5.13, 20.02, p<.001), URM males 6.23 odds (95%CI: 2.59, 14.98, p<.001), Asian females 7.90 odds (95%CI: 4.07, 15.33, p<.001), and Asian males 2.96 odds (95% CI: 1.47, 5.97, p=.002) of reporting discrimination compared with non-Hispanic White males. Needing more support was associated with 2.51 odds (95%CI: 1.54, 4.08, p<.001) of reporting discrimination. Our qualitative findings identified that the murder of George Floyd intensified URM healthcare workers' experiences of discrimination through increased fear of violence and requests for unpaid diversity work. Asian healthcare workers reported that pandemic-related anti-Asian violence shaped their experiences of discrimination through increased fear of violence and care refusal from patients.
conclusionsOur findings provide insights into experienced discrimination among healthcare workers and opportunities for hospitals to create programs that improve inclusivity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.