ArticleScientific reports2021
Dogs are more pessimistic if their owners use two or more aversive training methods.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Preparing Therapy Dogs for Animal-Assisted Services: Governance, Welfare-Centred Preparation, and a Lifecycle Research Agenda Across Selected European and United States Frameworks.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- The Influence of Environmental and Genetic Factors and Training Background on the Welfare of Herding Dogs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
- Professional dog trainers' perspectives on training methods: ethical and evidentiary insights.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Agency denied: PADA and the perils of paternalistic dog care.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- Comparing undesirable behaviours between 'designer' Poodle-cross dogs and their purebred progenitor breeds.PloS one · 2026Article
- Cognition of dairy cattle: Implications for animal welfare and dairy science.JDS communications · 2025Review
- Educational Apps and Dog Behavioural Problem Prevention: Associations Between the Zigzag Dog-Training App and Behavioural Problems.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Article
- Effect of pre-session discrimination training on performance in a judgement bias test in dogs.Animal cognition · 2024Article
- Comparison of the Efficacy and Welfare of Different Training Methods in Stopping Chasing Behavior in Dogs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- The Welfare of Dogs and Cats in the European Union: A Gap Analysis of the Current Legal Framework.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- The odour of an unfamiliar stressed or relaxed person affects dogs' responses to a cognitive bias test.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- A Multidimensional Evaluation of the Factors in the Animal Welfare Assessment Grid (AWAG) That Are Associated with, and Predictive of, Behaviour Disorders in Dogs.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Impacts of Puppy Early Life Experiences, Puppy-Purchasing Practices, and Owner Characteristics on Owner-Reported Problem Behaviours in a UK Pandemic Puppies Cohort at 21 Months of Age.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- The effect of repeated testing on judgement bias in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris).Animal cognition · 2023Article
- Behavioral paradigm for the evaluation of stimulation-evoked somatosensory perception thresholds in rats.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Domestic dogs are trained using a range of different methods, broadly categorised as reward based (positive reinforcement/negative punishment) and aversive based (positive punishment/negative reinforcement). Previous research has suggested associations between use of positive punishment-based techniques and undesired behaviours, but there is little research investigating the relative welfare consequences of these different approaches. This study used a judgement bias task to compare the underlying mood state of dogs whose owners reported using two or more positive punishment/negative reinforcement based techniques, with those trained using only positive reinforcement/negative punishment in a matched pair study design. Dogs were trained to discriminate between rewarded and unrewarded locations equidistant from a start box, and mean latencies recorded. Their subsequent latency to intermediate 'ambiguous' locations was recorded as an indication of whether these were perceived as likely to contain food or not. Dogs trained using aversive methods were slower to all ambiguous locations. This difference was significant for latency to the middle (Wilcoxon Z = - 2.380, P = 0.017), and near positive (Wilcoxon Z = - 2.447, P = 0.014) locations, suggesting that dogs trained using coercive methods may have a more negative mood state, and hence that there are welfare implications of training dogs using such methods.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.