Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34558600›Full record

ReviewFEMS microbiology reviews2022

Mechanisms and clinical importance of bacteriophage resistance.

Julia E Egido, Ana Rita Costa, Cristian Aparicio-Maldonado, Pieter-Jan Haas, Stan J J Brouns

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in FEMS microbiology reviews, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 185 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
185citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

185 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Domain shuffling of endolysin LysKB317 to controlBiotechnology reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026
    Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Bacteriophage-induced outer membrane protein remodelling drives the phenotypic switching and antibiotic re-sensitization in Klebsiella pneumoniae.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026
    Article
  13. Enteric populations ofmSphere · 2026
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Article
  20. Article

125 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Julia E EgidoMedical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-6590-2054
Ana Rita CostaDepartment of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-6749-6408
Cristian Aparicio-MaldonadoDepartment of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands.
Pieter-Jan HaasMedical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-1127-095X
Stan J J BrounsDepartment of Bionanoscience, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-9573-1724

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

We are in the midst of a golden age of uncovering defense systems against bacteriophages. Apart from the fundamental interest in these defense systems, and revolutionary applications that have been derived from them (e.g. CRISPR-Cas9 and restriction endonucleases), it is unknown how defense systems contribute to resistance formation against bacteriophages in clinical settings. Bacteriophages are now being reconsidered as therapeutic agents against bacterial infections due the emergence of multidrug resistance. However, bacteriophage resistance through defense systems and other means could hinder the development of successful phage-based therapies. Here, we review the current state of the field of bacteriophage defense, highlight the relevance of bacteriophage defense for potential clinical use of bacteriophages as therapeutic agents and suggest new directions of research.

Indexed as

Bacterial InfectionsBacteriophagesPhage TherapyCRISPR-Cas SystemsHumansadaptive immunitybacteriadefenseinnate immunityphage resistancephage therapy

Identifiers

PMID34558600
PMCPMC8829019

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.