ArticleJournal of translational medicine2021
Cytometric analysis of patients with COVID-19: what is changed in the second wave?
Article in Journal of translational medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serum HDL subfractions are impaired by COVID-19 vaccine in patients with thymic epithelial tumors.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Serum HDL and their subfractions are impaired in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Immune Profile in COVID-19: Unveiling TInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Immunocytometric analysis of patients with thymic epithelial tumors revealed that COVID-19 vaccine booster strongly enhanced the immune response.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Lymphocyte Population Changes at Two Time Points during the Acute Period of COVID-19 Infection.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- MIS-C: A COVID-19-as sociated condition between hypoimmunity and hyperimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood cells allows to discriminate MIS-C and Kawasaki disease.Translational medicine communications · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had a 1st wave in Europe from March to May 2020 and a 2nd wave since September 2020. We previously studied 35 hospitalized COVID-19 patients of the 1st wave demonstrating a cytokine storm and the exhaustion of most lymphocyte subpopulations. Herein, we describe the results obtained from COVID-19 patients of the 2nd wave.
methodsWe analyzed interleukin (IL)-6 by human-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a large set of lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry in 274 COVID-19 patients hospitalized from September 2020 to May 2021.
resultsPatients of 2nd wave compared with those of 1st wave showed lower serum IL-6 levels and a higher number of B and most T lymphocyte subpopulations in advanced stages, in relation with the age and the gender. On the other hand, we observed in 2nd wave patients: (i) a reduction of most lymphocyte subpopulations at mild and moderate stages; (ii) a reduction of natural killer cells and T regulatory cells together with a higher number of activated T helper (TH) 17 lymphocytes in all stages, which were mainly related to steroid and azithromycin therapies before hospitalization.
conclusionsCOVID-19 had a less severe impact in patients of the 2nd wave in advanced stages, while the impact appeared more severe in patients of mild and moderate stages, as compared with 1st wave patients. This finding suggests that in COVID-19 patients with milder expression at diagnosis, steroid and azithromycin therapies appear to worsen the immune response against the virus. Furthermore, the cytometric profile may help to drive targeted therapies by monoclonal antibodies to modulate specific IL/lymphocyte inhibition or activation in COVID-19 patients.
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