ArticleIEEE transactions on radiation and plasma medical sciences2021
Time of Flight in Perspective: Instrumental and Computational Aspects of Time Resolution in Positron Emission Tomography.
Article in IEEE transactions on radiation and plasma medical sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Current Status of Cherenkov-Based Gamma Detectors for TOF-PET and Proton Range Verification.IEEE transactions on radiation and plasma medical sciences · 2026Article
- Improving CTR with the FastIC ASIC for TOF-PET by overcoming SiPM noise with baseline correction.IEEE transactions on radiation and plasma medical sciences · 2025Article
- High-performance dual-ended SiPM readout for TOF-PET with BGO and LYSO:Ce.IEEE transactions on radiation and plasma medical sciences · 2025Article
- Enhancing the Cherenkov over scintillation ratio using dichroic filters in BGO and TlCl for TOF-PET.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Dual-ended readout TOF-DOI PET detectors based on 3.2 mm and 1.6 mm pitch LYSO arrays.EJNMMI physics · 2025Article
- Timing Performance with Broadcom Metal Trench Silicon Photomultipliers.IEEE transactions on radiation and plasma medical sciences · 2025Article
- TlCl:Be,I: a high sensitivity scintillation and Cherenkov radiator for TOF-PET.IEEE transactions on radiation and plasma medical sciences · 2025Article
- Improving timing resolution of BGO for TOF-PET: a comparative analysis with and without deep learning.EJNMMI physics · 2025Article
- Recent Breakthroughs in PET-CT Multimodality Imaging: Innovations and Clinical Impact.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Study of modulation in complex refractive indices induced by ultrafast relativistic electrons using infrared and THz probe pulses.Physics in medicine and biology · 2024Article
- 16-channel SiPM high-frequency readout with time-over-threshold discrimination for ultrafast time-of-flight applications.EJNMMI physics · 2023Article
- Detectors in positron emission tomography.Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik · 2023Review
- Technical opportunities and challenges in developing total-body PET scanners for mice and rats.EJNMMI physics · 2023Review
- Image Reconstruction Analysis for Positron Emission Tomography With Heterostructured Scintillators.IEEE transactions on radiation and plasma medical sciences · 2023Article
- Advances in Preclinical PET.Seminars in nuclear medicine · 2022Review
- Reconstruction-free positron emission imaging: Fact or fiction?Frontiers in nuclear medicine · 2022Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
The first time-of-flight positron emission tomography (TOF-PET) scanners were developed as early as in the 1980s. However, the poor light output and low detection efficiency of TOF-capable detectors available at the time limited any gain in image quality achieved with these TOF-PET scanners over the traditional non-TOF PET scanners. The discovery of LSO and other Lu-based scintillators revived interest in TOF-PET and led to the development of a second generation of scanners with high sensitivity and spatial resolution in the mid-2000s. The introduction of the silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) has recently yielded a third generation of TOF-PET systems with unprecedented imaging performance. Parallel to these instrumentation developments, much progress has been made in the development of image reconstruction algorithms that better utilize the additional information provided by TOF. Overall, the benefits range from a reduction in image variance (SNR increase), through allowing joint estimation of activity and attenuation, to better reconstructing data from limited angle systems. In this work, we review these developments, focusing on three broad areas: 1) timing theory and factors affecting the time resolution of a TOF-PET system; 2) utilization of TOF information for improved image reconstruction; and 3) quantification of the benefits of TOF compared to non-TOF PET. Finally, we offer a brief outlook on the TOF-PET developments anticipated in the short and longer term. Throughout this work, we aim to maintain a clinically driven perspective, treating TOF as one of multiple (and sometimes competitive) factors that can aid in the optimization of PET imaging performance.
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