ArticleGenome biology2021
The influence of the gut microbiome on BCG-induced trained immunity.
Article in Genome biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune mechanisms mediating the heterologous effects of BCG vaccination: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Upper respiratory tract commensalJournal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Trained immunity: New insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic targets in diabetes and diabetic complications.Genes & diseases · 2026Review
- Investigating the role of baseline gut Akkermansia muciniphila and its co-metabolite palmitoleic acid in BCG vaccine efficacy: a preclinical study.EBioMedicine · 2026Article
- Mucosal BCG Vaccination and Immune Layering: Route-Dependent Programming of Immunity at the Respiratory Interface.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination and the Immune-Brain Axis: Implications for Neuroprotection and Neurodegenerative Disease.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Meat quality and metabolism alterations in broiler driven by selective breeding and their associations with gut microbiota.Food chemistry: X · 2026Article
- Female-enrichedbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Sex-Specific Signatures for BCG Vaccine Efficacy.European journal of immunology · 2026Article
- Review
- Modulation of oral vaccine efficacy by the gut microbiota.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Long-term DNA methylation changes mediate heterologous cytokine responses after BCG vaccination.Genome biology · 2025Article
- The intricate interplay among microbiota, mucosal immunity, and viral infection in the respiratory tract.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- Microbiome and bladder cancer: the role of probiotics in treatment.Future microbiology · 2025Review
- Immunomodulatory effects of gut microbiota on vaccine efficacy against respiratory pathogens.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Intestinal Microbiota and Its Effect on Vaccine-Induced Immune Amplification and Tolerance.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Metabolic Regulation in the Induction of Trained Immunity.Seminars in immunopathology · 2024Review
- Pathophysiology and genomics of bronchiectasis.European respiratory review : an official journal of the European Respiratory Society · 2024Review
- TNF in Human Tuberculosis: A Double-Edged Sword.Immune network · 2024Review
- Pathways linking microbiota-gut-brain axis with neuroinflammatory mechanisms in Alzheimer's pathophysiology.Microbiome research reports · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine protects against tuberculosis and heterologous infections but elicits high inter-individual variation in specific and nonspecific, or trained, immune responses. While the gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as an important modulator of vaccine responses and immunity in general, its potential role in BCG-induced protection is largely unknown.
resultsStool and blood were collected from 321 healthy adults before BCG vaccination, followed by blood sampling after 2 weeks and 3 months. Metagenomics based on de novo genome assembly reveals 43 immunomodulatory taxa. The nonspecific, trained immune response is detected by altered production of cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α upon ex vivo blood restimulation with Staphylococcus aureus and negatively correlates with abundance of Roseburia. The specific response, measured by IFN-γ production upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis stimulation, is associated positively with Ruminococcus and Eggerthella lenta. The identified immunomodulatory taxa also have the strongest effects on circulating metabolites, with Roseburia affecting phenylalanine metabolism. This is corroborated by abundances of relevant enzymes, suggesting alternate phenylalanine metabolism modules are activated in a Roseburia species-dependent manner.
conclusionsVariability in cytokine production after BCG vaccination is associated with the abundance of microbial genomes, which in turn affect or produce metabolites in circulation. Roseburia is found to alter both trained immune responses and phenylalanine metabolism, revealing microbes and microbial products that may alter BCG-induced immunity. Together, our findings contribute to the understanding of specific and trained immune responses after BCG vaccination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.