ArticleBMC health services research2021
Household expenditure for immunization among children in India: a two-part model approach.
Article in BMC health services research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Effects of housing demolition on health and medical utilization: evidence from China.Health economics review · 2026Article
- Preventing vaccine drop-outs: Geographic and system-level barriers to full immunization coverage among children in Uttar Pradesh, India.Vaccine: X · 2025Article
- Utilization and Determinants of Anticancer Drugs Under China's National Drug Price Negotiation Policy.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2025Article
- Potential impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction in India's Universal Immunisation Programme on private sector vaccine utilisation: an interrupted time series analysis.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Analysis of Age Appropriate Measles Immunisation among the Eligible Children in India: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of National Family Health Survey-5.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social MedicineArticle
- Correlates of Uptake of Routine Immunization amongst Under-Five Children: Comparison of Nomadic and Non-nomadic Fulani in Yobe State, Nigeria.Nigerian medical journal : journal of the Nigeria Medical AssociationArticle
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite the Indian government's Universal Immunization Program (UIP), the progress of full immunization coverage is plodding. The cost of delivering routine immunization varies widely across facilities within country and across country. However, the cost an individual bears on child immunization has not been focussed. In this context, this study tries to estimate the expenditure on immunization which an individual bears and the factors affecting immunization coverage at the regional level.
methodsUsing the 75th round of National Sample Survey Organization data, the present paper attempts to check the individual expenditure on immunization and the factors affecting immunization coverage at the regional level. Descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis were used to fulfil the study objectives. The two-part model has been employed to inspect the determinants of expenditure on immunization.
resultsThe overall prevalence of full immunization was 59.3 % in India. Full immunization was highest in Manipur (75.2 %) and lowest in Nagaland (12.8 %). The mean expenditure incurred on immunization varies from as low as Rs. 32.7 in Tripura to as high as Rs. 1008 in Delhi. Children belonging to the urban area [OR: 1.04; CI: 1.035, 1.037] and richer wealth quintile [OR: 1.14; CI: 1.134-1.137] had higher odds of getting immunization. Moreover, expenditure on immunization was high among children from the urban area [Rs. 273], rich wealth quintile [Rs. 297] and who got immunized in a private facility [Rs. 1656].
conclusionsThere exists regional inequality in immunization coverage as well as in expenditure incurred on immunization. Based on the findings, we suggest looking for the supply through follow-up and demand through spreading awareness through mass media for immunization.
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