SynthesisEuropean journal of nutrition2021
Preventive effects of tea and tea catechins against influenza and acute upper respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in European journal of nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of Catechins on Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Winter: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blinded Trial.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Tea Polyphenols in the COVID-19 Era: Mechanistic Insights and Translational Challenges.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Pyrogallol B-ring enhances catechin binding to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain to inhibit interaction with ACE2.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Using Machine Learning to Identify Factors Affecting Antibody Production and Adverse Reactions After COVID-19 Vaccination.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Comparative effectiveness of oral nutritional supplements in preventing respiratory tract infections among adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2025Article
- Improving the Sensory Quality of Black Tea by Blending Varieties During Processing.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Combination of tea catechins and ornithine effectively activates the urea cycle: an in vitro and human pilot study.European journal of applied physiology · 2024Article
- Article
- Association between handwashing and gargling education for children and prevention of respiratory tract infections: a longitudinal Japanese children population-based study.European journal of pediatrics · 2023Article
- Potential of green tea EGCG in neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant with greater tropism toward the upper respiratory tract.Trends in food science & technology · 2023Review
- Characterization of Effects of Different Tea Harvesting Seasons on Quality Components, Color and Sensory Quality of "Yinghong 9" and "Huangyu" Large-Leaf-Variety Black Tea.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Consumer Choices and Habits Related to Tea Consumption by Poles.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Green tea consumption and SARS-CoV-2 infection among staff of a referral hospital in Japan.Clinical nutrition open science · 2022Article
- Article
- Matcha Green Tea Exhibits Bactericidal Activity againstAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Metabolomics Provides A Novel Interpretation of the Changes in Main Compounds during Black Tea Processing through Different Drying Methods.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeGargling with tea has protective effects against influenza infection and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). To evaluate if tea and tea catechin consumption has the same protective effects as gargling with tea, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis.
methodsWe performed a comprehensive literature search using the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Ichu-shi Web databases. The search provided six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and four prospective cohort studies (n = 3748). The quality of each trial or study was evaluated according to the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool or Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We collected data from publications meeting the search criteria and conducted a meta-analysis of the effect of tea gargling and tea catechin consumption for preventing URTI using a random effects model.
resultsTea gargling and tea catechin consumption had significant preventive effects against URTI (risk ratio [RR] = 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64-0.87). In sub-analyses, a significant preventive effect was observed by study type (prospective cohort study: RR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.50-0.91; RCT: RR = 0.79, 95% CI 0.66-0.94) and disease type (influenza: RR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.58-0.84; acute URTI: RR = 0.78, 95% CI 0.62-0.98). Both gargling with tea and consuming tea catechins effectively protected against URTI (tea and tea catechins consumption: RR = 0.68, 95% CI 0.52-0.87; tea gargling: RR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.72-0.96).
conclusionOur findings suggest that tea gargling and tea catechin consumption may have preventive effects against influenza infection and URTI. The potential effectiveness of these actions as non-pharmaceutical interventions, however, requires further investigation.
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