ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2022
Reproductive factors and gall-bladder cancer, and the effect of common genetic variants on these associations: a case-control study in India.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mapping Mutations and Signaling Network Interactions to Guide Precision Therapy in Gallbladder Cancer.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Breastfeeding and subsequent risk of 24 types of maternal cancer: a cohort study of Chinese women.Nutrition journal · 2026Article
- Gastrointestinal cancers in women: The role of sex hormones.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2026Review
- Global variations in gallbladder cancer incidence: What do recorded data and national estimates tell us?International journal of cancer · 2025Article
- Gallbladder cancer: Progress in the Indian subcontinent.World journal of clinical oncology · 2024Review
- Household cooking fuel and gallbladder cancer risk: a multi-centre case-control study in India.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2024Article
- Menopausal characteristics and hormone replacement therapy in relation to long-term risk of cholecystectomy in women.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Menopausal hormone therapy increases the risk of gallstones: Health Insurance Database in South Korea (HISK)-based cohort study.PloS one · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIn India, as elsewhere, the incidence of gall-bladder cancer (GBC) is substantially higher in women than in men. Yet, the relevance of reproductive factors to GBC remains poorly understood.
methodsWe used logistic regression adjusted for age, education and area to examine associations between reproductive factors and GBC risk, using 790 cases of histologically confirmed GBC and group-matched 1726 visitor controls. We tested the interaction of these associations by genetic variants known to increase the risk of GBC.
resultsParity was strongly positively associated with GBC risk: each additional pregnancy was associated with an ∼25% higher risk {odds ratio [OR] 1.26 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.17-1.37]}. After controlling for parity, GBC risk was weakly positively associated with later age of menarche [postmenopausal women, OR 1.11 (95% CI 1.00-1.22) per year], earlier menopause [OR 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.06) per year] and shorter reproductive lifespan [OR 1.04 (95% CI 1.01-1.07) per year], but there was little evidence of an association with breastfeeding duration or years since last pregnancy. Risk alleles of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ABCB4 and ABCB1 genetic regions had a multiplicative effect on the association with parity, but did not interact with other reproductive factors.
conclusionsWe observed higher GBC risk with higher parity and shorter reproductive lifespan, suggesting an important role for reproductive and hormonal factors.
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