ReviewNature reviews. Neuroscience2021
Sex differences in anxiety and depression: circuits and mechanisms.
Review in Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 261 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
261 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effects of cannabidiol on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors and cognition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Gender differences in the prevalence of anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder and associated factors among adults in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Age at menarche and depression: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of women's mental health · 2025Pooled it
- People who living with HIV/AIDS also have a high prevalence of anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- The Depression Prevalence in Chinese Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2023Pooled it
- Association of two variable number of tandem repeats in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter with suicide completion: The present study and meta-analysis.Neuropsychopharmacology reports · 2023Pooled it
- Sex disparities in psychosocial distress among medical students with indirect exposure to the 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquakes.Global health action · 2026Article
- Article
- Whole-Brain Monosynaptic Inputs and Outputs of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons of the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus in Male Mice.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Multilevel sex-influenced neurobiological signatures of early life adversity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Integrated Investigation of Sex Differences in the Human Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ Receptor System: Postmortem Analyses and In Vivo [Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2026Article
- Occurrence and clinical correlates of depressive symptoms in adults with epilepsy: A study in Georgia.Epilepsia open · 2026Article
- Depression, but not anxiety, is associated with epigenetic age accelerations among Asian older adults.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Incomplete network restoration may be associated with higher relapse risk in women with major depressive disorder.Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences · 2026Article
- Psilocybin modulates social behaviour in male and female mice in a time-dependent manner.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Corticosterone-linked microglial activity underpins sexually dimorphic neuroplasticity after ketamine anesthesia.Science advances · 2026Article
- MicroRNA-148a regulates depressive-like behaviors in mice via the Otx2/Dopaminergic signaling axis.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- State-Dependent Modulation of a Theta-Responsive Subnetwork by High-Frequency Stimulation of the Ventral Striatum.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Behavioral Responses to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Swiss Mice.The European journal of neuroscience · 2026Article
- Single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of sexually dimorphic molecular responses to sub-chronic variable stress in the mouse hippocampus.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
201 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Epidemiological sex differences in anxiety disorders and major depression are well characterized. Yet the circuits and mechanisms that contribute to these differences are understudied, because preclinical studies have historically excluded female rodents. This oversight is beginning to be addressed, and recent studies that include male and female rodents are identifying sex differences in neurobiological processes that underlie features of these disorders, including conflict anxiety, fear processing, arousal, social avoidance, learned helplessness and anhedonia. These findings allow us to conceptualize various types of sex differences in the brain, which in turn have broader implications for considering sex as a biological variable. Importantly, comparing the sexes could aid in the discovery of novel therapeutics.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.