ReviewNature reviews. Neurology2021
Hormonal influences in migraine - interactions of oestrogen, oxytocin and CGRP.
Review in Nature reviews. Neurology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 178 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-specific management of migraine a systematic review and consensus statement from the European Headache Federation (EHF).The journal of headache and pain · 2026Pooled it
- Gut microbiota, probiotics, and migraine: a clinical review and meta-analysis.Journal of oral & facial pain and headache · 2025Pooled it
- A role of NLRP3 and MMP9 in migraine progression: a systematic review of translational study.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Pooled it
- Immediate Cognitive and Interoceptive Benefits of Yoga-Based Visual Respiratory Biofeedback in Migraine: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2026Trial
- Oxytocin receptor antagonism in migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled provocation study.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Trial
- Effects of exogenous oxytocin and estradiol on resting-state functional connectivity in women and men.Scientific reports · 2023Trial
- The Estrogen-CGRP Axis in Migraine: Neuroimmune Mechanisms, Sex Differences, and Therapeutic Implications.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Salience Network Dynamics Across Spontaneous Attacks, Interictal Rest and Interictal Pain Imagery in Menstrually Related Migraine.Brain topography · 2026Article
- [Gender differences in children and adolescents with migraine].Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- The Neurology of Menopause.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Psychological interventions for migraine.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Efficacy and safety of rimegepant in Chinese women with pure menstrual migraine: a retrospective observational study.BMC neurology · 2026Observational
- TRPM3 activation causes CGRP release in trigeminal neurons: Implications for migraine mechanisms.Headache · 2026Article
- Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection changes the transcriptome of the mouse trigeminal ganglion and brainstem: potential mechanisms underlying headache and trigeminal pain presentation in COVID-19.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Hypothalamic and sex-related hormones in migraine.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Review
- CGRP and Migraine: Real-World Insights and Future Therapeutic Directions.Annual review of medicine · 2026Review
- Sex differences in the real-world use of rimegepant for short-term prevention of migraine in the United States.Frontiers in neurology · 2026Observational
- Sex-dependent modulation of CGRPergic neurovascular activity by 5-CT in rats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Tinnitus constancy and self-reported severe headache or migraine symptoms in peri- and postmenopausal women: a statistical modeling and machine learning analysis.European journal of medical research · 2025Observational
- Do Common Genetic Factors Underlie Comorbidity Between Migraine and Major Depressive Disorder in Youth?Pediatric neurology · 2025Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Migraine is ranked as the second highest cause of disability worldwide and the first among women aged 15-49 years. Overall, the incidence of migraine is threefold higher among women than men, though the frequency and severity of attacks varies during puberty, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, the postpartum period and menopause. Reproductive hormones are clearly a key influence in the susceptibility of women to migraine. A fall in plasma oestrogen levels can trigger attacks of migraine without aura, whereas higher oestrogen levels seem to be protective. The basis of these effects is unknown. In this Review, we discuss what is known about sex hormones and their receptors in migraine-related areas in the CNS and the peripheral trigeminovascular pathway. We consider the actions of oestrogen via its multiple receptor subtypes and the involvement of oxytocin, which has been shown to prevent migraine attacks. We also discuss possible interactions of these hormones with the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) system in light of the success of anti-CGRP treatments. We propose a simple model to explain the hormone withdrawal trigger in menstrual migraine, which could provide a foundation for improved management and therapy for hormone-related migraine in women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.