ArticlemBio2021
Synergism versus Additivity: Defining the Interactions between Common Disinfectants.
Article in mBio, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- The cyclin dependent kinase (CDK)7 inhibitor BS-181 inhibits pathogenic Cryptococcus species, causing GVirulence · 2026Article
- Synergistic Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity Optimization of aMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Towards Antimicrobial Formulations of Repurposed Drugs and Cationic Surfactants: Efficacy, Cytotoxicity on Human Cell Lines, and Ecotoxicity in Aquatic Models.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Non-Cytotoxic Benzyl Triphenyl Phosphonium Bromide Is Bactericidal on MRSA and Fully Inhibits Biofilm Formation by MRSA and MRSE.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Overcoming Multidrug Resistance by Bacterial Efflux Pump Inhibitors in ClinicalAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Essential fatty acids disrupt the mycolic acid-rich cell envelope of clinicalFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Mechanistic Evaluation of LolA andInternational journal of microbiology · 2026Article
- In Pursuit of a Better Biocide Composition: Synergistic and Additive Effects of QAC-Based Formulations Against Planktonic and Biofilm Cultures.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Second-generation lysocins as therapeutics for treatingAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2025Article
- Isoniazid potentiates tigecycline to kill methicillin-resistantEmerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Biocompatible Guanidine-Functionalized Compounds with Biofilm and Membrane Disruptive Activity Against MRSA.ACS infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Comparison of the efficacy of soaking and drying methods for the disinfection of handwashing sinks in ICU.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Imidazoles and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds as Effective Therapies against (Multidrug-Resistant) Bacterial Wound Infections.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Deciphering the Intricate Interplay in the Framework of Antibiotic-Drug Interactions: A Narrative Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Enhancing Antibiotic Efficacy with Natural Compounds: Synergistic Activity of Tannic Acid and Nerol with Commercial Antibiotics against Pathogenic Bacteria.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Synergistic Bactericidal Effects of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds with Essential Oil Constituents.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Ethambutol and meropenem/clavulanate synergy promotes enhanced extracellular and intracellular killing ofAntimicrobial agents and chemotherapy · 2024Article
- Combined Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts fromJournal of pharmacopuncture · 2023Article
- Meropenem in combination with baicalein exhibits synergism against extensively drug resistant and pan-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in vitro.Pathogens and disease · 2023Article
- Synergistic Interaction betweenEvidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Many of the most common disinfectant and sanitizer products are formulations of multiple antimicrobial compounds. Products claiming to contain synergistic formulations are common, although there is often little supporting evidence. The antimicrobial interactions of all pairwise combinations of common disinfectants (benzalkonium chloride, didecyldimethylammonium chloride, polyhexamethylene biguanide, chlorocresol, and bronopol) were classified via checkerboard assay and validated by time-kill analyses. Combinations were tested against Acinetobacter baumannii NCTC 12156, Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 13379, Klebsiella pneumoniae NCTC 13443, and Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 13143. Synergistic interactions were identified only for the combinations of chlorocresol with benzalkonium chloride and chlorocresol with polyhexamethylene biguanide. Synergism was not ubiquitously demonstrated against all species tested and was on the borderline of the synergism threshold. These data demonstrate that synergism between disinfectants is uncommon and circumstantial. Most of the antimicrobial interactions tested were characterized as additive. We suggest that this is due to the broad, nonspecific mechanisms associated with disinfectants not providing an opportunity for the combined activities of these compounds to exceed the sum of their parts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.