ArticlePloS one2021
Racial and ethnic disparities in HIV diagnoses among heterosexually active persons in the United States nationally and by state, 2018.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reproductive decision-making of Black women living with HIV: A systematic review.Women's health (London, England)Pooled it
- HIV/STI Prevention Strategies During COVID-19 Among PrEP-Eligible Cisgender Women in New York State: A Qualitative Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Navigating guidelines and realities: informed free choice in infant feeding for people living with HIV.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Article
- Infant feeding decisions among people living with human immunodeficiency virus in the United States: a pilot study.Frontiers in reproductive health · 2026Article
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- Preexposure Prophylaxis Prescription Dispensation Status and HIV-1 Acquisition.JAMA network open · 2025Observational
- Estimating undiagnosed HIV infections by age group in Japan: an extended age-dependent back-calculation.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2025Article
- Depressive symptoms among women of reproductive age with and without HIV in the Southern United States.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Observational
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- Behavioral and Demographic Profiles of HIV Transmission and Exposure Networks in Florida: Network Analysis of HIV Contact Tracing Data.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Article
- Associations of County-Level Social Determinants of Health with COVID-19 Related Hospitalization Among People with HIV: A Retrospective Analysis of the U.S. National COVID Cohort Collaborative (N3C).AIDS and behavior · 2024Article
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- Overamped: Stimulant Use and HIV Pathogenesis.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2023Review
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- HIV Care Meets Telehealth: a Review of Successes, Disparities, and Unresolved Challenges.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2022Review
- A Decade of the National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention's Epidemiologic and Economic Modeling Agreement.Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974)Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite declining HIV infection rates, persistent racial and ethnic disparities remain. Appropriate calculations of diagnosis rates by HIV transmission category, race and ethnicity, and geography are needed to monitor progress towards reducing systematic disparities in health outcomes. We estimated the number of heterosexually active adults (HAAs) by sex and state to calculate appropriate HIV diagnosis rates and disparity measures within subnational regions.
methodsThe analysis included all HIV diagnoses attributed to heterosexual transmission in 2018 in the United States, in 50 states and the District of Columbia. Logistic regression models estimated the probability of past-year heterosexual activity among adults in three national health surveys, by sex, age group, race and ethnicity, education category, and marital status. Model-based probabilities were applied to estimated counts of HAAs by state, which were synthesized through meta-analysis. HIV diagnoses were overlaid to calculate racial- and ethnic-specific rates, rate differences (RDs), and rate ratios (RRs) among HAAs by sex and state.
resultsNationally, HAA women have a two-fold higher HIV diagnosis rate than HAA men (rate per 100,000 HAAs, women: 6.57; men: 3.09). Compared to White non-Hispanic HAAs, Black HAAs have a 20-fold higher HIV diagnosis rate (RR, men: 21.28, women: 19.55; RD, men: 15.40, women: 31.78) and Hispanic HAAs have a 4-fold higher HIV diagnosis rate (RR, men: 4.68, RD, women: 4.15; RD, men: 2.79, RD, women: 5.39). Disparities were ubiquitous across regions, with >75% of states in each region having Black-to-White RR ≥10.
conclusionThe racial and ethnic disparities across regions suggests a system-wide failure particularly with respect to preventing HIV among Black and Hispanic women. Pervasive disparities emphasize the role for coordinated federal responses such as the current Ending the HIV Epidemic (EHE) initiative.
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