ArticlePhysiological reports2021
The impact of experimental pain on shoulder movement during an arm elevated reaching task in a virtual reality environment.
Article in Physiological reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization for Midlife Women with Frozen Shoulder: Clinical Effects on COP and Pain.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2026Article
- The effects of unpleasant thermal and auditory stimulus on wrist extensor muscle activity during discrete and continuous wrist movements.Experimental brain research · 2025Article
- Article
- The impact of experimental pain on shoulder movement during an arm elevated reaching task in a virtual reality environment.Physiological reports · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPeople with chronic shoulder pain have been shown to present with motor adaptations during arm movements. These adaptations may create abnormal physical stress on shoulder tendons and muscles. However, how and why these adaptations develop from the acute stage of pain is still not well-understood.
objectiveTo investigate motor adaptations following acute experimental shoulder pain during upper limb reaching.
methodsForty participants were assigned to the Control or Pain group. They completed a task consisting of reaching targets in a virtual reality environment at three time points: (1) baseline (both groups pain-free), (2) experimental phase (Pain group experiencing acute shoulder pain induced by injecting hypertonic saline into subacromial space), and (3) Post experimental phase (both groups pain-free). Electromyographic (EMG) activity, kinematics, and performance data were collected.
resultsThe Pain group showed altered movement planning and execution as shown by a significant increased delay to reach muscles EMG peak and a loss of accuracy, compared to controls that have decreased their mean delay to reach muscles peak and improved their movement speed through the phases. The Pain group also showed protective kinematic adaptations using less shoulder elevation and elbow flexion, which persisted when they no longer felt the experimental pain.
conclusionAcute experimental pain altered movement planning and execution, which affected task performance. Kinematic data also suggest that such adaptations may persist over time, which could explain those observed in chronic pain populations.
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