Observational studyJournal of neurotrauma2021
Cytotoxic Edema Associated with Hemorrhage Predicts Poor Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury.
Observational study in Journal of neurotrauma, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01132937 (Evaluation, Pathogenesis, and Outcome of Subjects With or Suspected Traumatic Brain Injury), which is not on this map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation, Pathogenesis, and Outcome of Subjects With or Suspected Traumatic Brain Injury
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances in imaging studies of contusion penumbra.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Andexanet alfa Reduces Hematoma Expansion Following Controlled Cortical Impact in Mice Pretreated with Rivaroxaban.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Article
- GFAP degradation in TBI: linking novel modified products to astrocyte pathology and patient outcome.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Article
- Blood Pressure Variability and Acute Kidney Injury in Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage : A Retrospective Cohort Study Using the MIMIC-IV Database.Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society · 2026Article
- Clinical features and outcomes in pediatric patients with cortical laminar necrosis: a single-center retrospective study.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Development and validation of a nomogram to predict the probability of death after surgical evacuation for traumatic intracranial hemorrhage.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Clinical outcomes and safety of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
- MRI and Clinical Variables for Prediction of Outcomes After Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.JAMA network open · 2024Observational
- Edema progression in proximity to traumatic microbleeds: evolution of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema on serial MRI.Neuroimage. Reports · 2024Article
- The novel imaging methods in diagnosis and assessment of cerebrovascular diseases: an overview.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Review
- Brain Extract of Subacute Traumatic Brain Injury Promotes the Neuronal Differentiation of Human Neural Stem Cells via Autophagy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Amide Proton Transfer-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Severity and Predicting Outcome after Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.Neurotrauma reports · 2022Article
- Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier Triggers an Atypical Neuronal Response.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used rarely in the acute evaluation of traumatic brain injury (TBI) but may identify findings of clinical importance not detected by computed tomography (CT). We aimed to characterize the association of cytotoxic edema and hemorrhage, including traumatic microbleeds, on MRI obtained within hours of acute head trauma and investigated the relationship to clinical outcomes. Patients prospectively enrolled in the Traumatic Head Injury Neuroimaging Classification study (NCT01132937) with evidence of diffusion-related findings or hemorrhage on neuroimaging were included. Blinded interpretation of MRI for diffusion-weighted lesions and hemorrhage was conducted, with subsequent quantification of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. Of 161 who met criteria, 82 patients had conspicuous hyperintense lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with corresponding regions of hypointense ADC in proximity to hemorrhage. Median time from injury to MRI was 21 (10-30) h. Median ADC values per patient grouped by time from injury to MRI were lowest within 24 h after injury. The ADC values associated with hemorrhagic lesions are lowest early after injury, with an increase in diffusion during the subacute period, suggesting transformation from cytotoxic to vasogenic edema during the subacute post-injury period. Of 118 patients with outcome data, 60 had Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended scores ≤6 at 30/90 days post-injury. Cytotoxic edema on MRI (odds ratio [OR] 2.91 [1.32-6.37],
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