Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34541363›Full record

ReviewJournal of clinical and translational research2021

Immune escape mechanisms and immunotherapy of urothelial bladder cancer.

Zhao Yang, Yinyan Xu, Ying Bi, Nan Zhang, Haifeng Wang, Tianying Xing, Suhang Bai, Zongyi Shen, Faiza Naz, Zichen Zhang and 9 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of clinical and translational research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. Review
  20. Licorice (OncoTargets and therapy · 2022
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Zhao YangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Yinyan XuDepartment of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
Ying BiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Nan ZhangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Haifeng WangDepartment of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650101, China.
Tianying XingDepartment of Urology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
Suhang BaiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Zongyi ShenDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Faiza NazDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Zichen ZhangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Liqi YinDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Mengran ShiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Luyao WangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Lei WangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Shihui WangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Lida XuDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Xin SuDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
Song WuDepartment of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China.
Changyuan YuDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

aimUrothelial bladder cancer (UBC) is a common malignant tumor of the urogenital system with a high rate of recurrence. Due to the sophisticated and largely unexplored mechanisms of tumorigenesis of UBC, the classical therapeutic approaches including transurethral resection and radical cystectomy combined with chemotherapy have remained unchanged for decades. However, with increasingly in-depth understanding of the microenvironment and the composition of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of UBC, novel immunotherapeutic strategies have been developed. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy, immune checkpoint blockades, adoptive T cell immunotherapy, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, etc., have all been intensively investigated as immunotherapies for UBC. This review will discuss the recent progress in immune escape mechanisms and immunotherapy of UBC.

methodsBased on a comprehensive search of the PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov database, this review included the literature reporting the immune escape mechanisms of UBC and clinical trials assessing the effect of immunotherapeutic strategies on tumor or immune cells in UBC patients published in English between 1999 and 2020.

resultsImmune surveillance, immune balance, and immune escape are the three major processes that occur during UBC tumorigenesis. First, the role of immunosuppressive cells, immunosuppressive molecules, immunosuppressive signaling molecules, and DCs in tumor microenvironment is introduced elaborately in the immune escape mechanisms of UBC section. In addition, recent progress of immunotherapies including BCG, checkpoint inhibitors, cytokines, adoptive T cell immunotherapy, DCs, and macrophages on UBC patients are summarized in detail. Finally, the need to explore the mechanisms, molecular characteristics and immune landscape during UBC tumorigenesis and development of novel and robust immunotherapies for UBC are also proposed and discussed.

conclusionAt present, BCG and immune checkpoint blockades have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of UBC patients and have achieved encouraging therapeutic results, expanding the traditional chemotherapy and surgery-based treatment for UBC. RELEVANCE FOR PATIENTS: Immunotherapy has achieved desirable results in the treatment of UBC, which not only improve the overall survival but also reduce the recurrence rate and the occurrence of treatment-related adverse events of UBC patients. In addition, the indicators to predict the effectiveness and novel therapy strategies, such as combination regimen of checkpoint inhibitor with checkpoint inhibitor or chemotherapy, should be further studied.

Indexed as

immune cellsimmune checkpointsimmune escapeimmunotherapyurothelial bladder cancer

Identifiers

PMID34541363
PMCPMC8445627

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.