Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34537778›Full record

ArticleRespiration; international review of thoracic diseases2021

Passive Tracer Visualization to Simulate Aerodynamic Virus Transport in Noninvasive Respiratory Support Methods.

Rutger Hendrik Johan Hebbink, Judith Elshof, Steven Wanrooij, Walter Lette, Mariëtte Lokate, Cornelis Henricus Venner, M L Duiverman, Rob Hagmeijer

Open access · bronzeAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
0.1field-weighted citation impact, top 47% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed, 1 citations in OpenAlex.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Rutger Hendrik Johan HebbinkEngineering Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Judith ElshofDepartment of Pulmonary Diseases/Home Mechanical Ventilation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Steven WanrooijEngineering Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Walter LetteEngineering Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Mariëtte LokateDepartment of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Cornelis Henricus VennerEngineering Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
M L DuivermanDepartment of Pulmonary Diseases/Home Mechanical Ventilation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Rob HagmeijerEngineering Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
University of Twente · NLUniversity Medical Center Groningen · NL

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundVarious forms of noninvasive respiratory support methods are used in the treatment of hypoxemic CO-VID-19 patients, but limited data are available about the corresponding respiratory droplet dispersion.

objectivesThe aim of this study was to estimate the potential spread of infectious diseases for a broad selection of oxygen and respiratory support methods by revealing the therapy-induced aerodynamics and respiratory droplet dispersion.

methodsThe exhaled air-smoke plume from a 3D-printed upper airway geometry was visualized by recording light reflection during simulated spontaneous breathing, standard oxygen mask application, nasal high-flow therapy (NHFT), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), and bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP). The dispersion of 100 μm particles was estimated from the initial velocity of exhaled air and the theoretical terminal velocity.

resultsEstimated droplet dispersion was 16 cm for unassisted breathing, 10 cm for Venturi masks, 13 cm for the nebulizer, and 14 cm for the nonrebreathing mask. Estimated droplet spread increased up to 34 cm in NHFT, 57 cm in BiPAP, and 69 cm in CPAP. A nonsurgical face mask over the NHFT interface reduced estimated droplet dispersion.

conclusionsDuring NHFT and CPAP/BiPAP with vented masks, extensive jets with relatively high jet velocities were observed, indicating increased droplet spread and an increased risk of droplet-driven virus transmission. For the Venturi masks, a nonrebreathing mask, and a nebulizer, estimated jet velocities are comparable to unassisted breathing. Aerosols are transported unboundedly in all these unfiltered therapies. The adequate use of protective measures is of vital importance when using noninvasive unfiltered therapies in infectious respiratory diseases.

Indexed as

Air MovementsExhalationModels, BiologicalNoninvasive VentilationRespiratory Aerosols and DropletsHumansCOVID-19Droplet transmission of infectious diseaseRespiratory careSARS-CoV-2Viral particles

Identifiers

PMID34537778
PMCPMC8678233
OpenAlexW3200885958

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.