ArticleNPJ digital medicine2021
Digital intervention increases influenza vaccination rates for people with diabetes in a decentralized randomized trial.
Article in NPJ digital medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 3 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Influenza Vaccination Digital Interventions for People Living With Diabetes
Predict + Protect: A Randomized Controlled Trial Exploring the Effectiveness of a Predictive Health Education Intervention on the Adoption of Protective Behaviors Related to Influenza-like Illness (ILI)
Digital Health Intervention On Awareness Of Vaccination Against Influenza Among Adults With Diabetes
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reporting Gaps in mHealth Intervention Studies for Adults With Diabetes: Systematic Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Digital Health Intervention on Awareness of Vaccination Against Influenza Among Adults With Diabetes: Pragmatic Randomized Follow-Up Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Trial
- Electronically Delivered Nudges to Increase Influenza Vaccination Uptake in Older Adults With Diabetes: A Secondary Analysis of the NUDGE-FLU Trial.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- Influence of Digital Intervention Messaging on Influenza Vaccination Rates Among Adults With Cardiovascular Disease in the United States: Decentralized Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2022Trial
- Implementation strategies to increase seasonal influenza vaccination among adults: A rapid scoping review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Awareness, uptake, and barriers to vaccination against respiratory tract infections in patients with diabetes mellitus: A multi-center study in Saudi Arabia.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Healthcare workers' attitudes toward influenza vaccine prescriptions in China.Global health research and policy · 2025Article
- Review
- Electronic Nudge Letters to Increase Influenza Vaccination Uptake in Younger and Middle-Aged Individuals With Diabetes.JACC. Advances · 2024Article
- Disparities with influenza vaccine use in long-term survivors of metastatic breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2024Article
- The Digitization and Decentralization of Clinical Trials.Mayo Clinic proceedings · 2023Review
- Influenza vaccination in patients affected by diabetes.European heart journal supplements : journal of the European Society of Cardiology · 2023Article
- Examining Influenza Vaccination Patterns Among Young Adults with Asthma: Insights into Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices.Patient preference and adherence · 2023Article
- Brief Digital Solutions in Behavior Change Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors at 14 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
People with diabetes (PWD) have an increased risk of developing influenza-related complications, including pneumonia, abnormal glycemic events, and hospitalization. Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for PWD, but vaccination rates are suboptimal. The study aimed to increase influenza vaccination rate in people with self-reported diabetes. This study was a prospective, 1:1 randomized controlled trial of a 6-month Digital Diabetes Intervention in U.S. adults with diabetes. The intervention group received monthly messages through an online health platform. The control group received no intervention. Difference in self-reported vaccination rates was tested using multivariable logistic regression controlling for demographics and comorbidities. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03870997. A total of 10,429 participants reported influenza vaccination status (5158 intervention, mean age (±SD) = 46.8 (11.1), 78.5% female; 5271 control, Mean age (±SD) = 46.7 (11.2), 79.4% female). After a 6-month intervention, 64.2% of the intervention arm reported influenza vaccination, vers us 61.1% in the control arm (diff = 3.1, RR = 1.05, 95% CI [1.02, 1.08], p = 0.0013, number needed to treat = 33 to obtain 1 additional vaccination). Completion of one or more intervention messages was associated with up to an 8% increase in vaccination rate (OR 1.27, 95% CI [1.17, 1.38], p < 0.0001). The intervention improved influenza vaccination rates in PWD, suggesting that leveraging new technology to deliver knowledge and information can improve influenza vaccination rates in high-risk populations to reduce public health burden of influenza. Rapid cycle innovation could maximize the effects of these digital interventions in the future with other populations and vaccines.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.